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a Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
b Eastern Virginia Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Warsaw, VA 22572
c Eastern Shore Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Painter, VA 23420
d Northern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Orange, VA 22960
e Tidewater Agric. Res. and Ext. Ctr., Holland, VA 23437
f Virginia Foundation Seed Stocks Farm, Mt. Holly, VA 22524
g Virginia Crop Improvement Association, Mechanicsville, VA 23116
h USDA-ARS National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Aberdeen, ID 83210
i USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Lab., Wooster, OH 44691
j USDA-ARS Eastern Regional Genotyping Lab., Plant Sciences Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
k USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab., St. Paul, MN 55108
l Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164
m USDA-ARS, Dep. of Entomology, Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, IN 47907
* Corresponding author (cgriffey{at}vt.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘USG 3555’ (Reg. No. CV-1037, PI 654454) soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), developed and tested as VA02W-555 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in March 2007. USG 3555 was derived from the cross VA94-52-60/Pioneer Brand ‘2643’ //‘USG 3209’. USG 3555 is a high-yielding, moderately early heading, awnletted, short stature, semidwarf (Rht2), cultivar that is resistant to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer], stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.), and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.). In Virginia average grain yield (2006– 2008) of USG 3555 (6114 kg ha–1) has been equal to that of the highest-yielding cultivars. In USDA–ARS uniform nursery trials conducted at 27 locations in 2005 and at 26 locations in 2006, USG 3555 produced average grain yields of 5651 and 5530 kg ha–1, respectively, in comparison to nursery mean yields of 4959 kg ha–1 in 2005 and 4878 kg ha–1 in 2006. Milling and baking quality of USG 3555 exceeds that of its parent USG 3209. On an Allis Chalmers Mill, grain of USG 3555 has higher break flour yields (305 vs. 283 g kg–1), softer texture (lower endosperm separation index scores 9.98 vs. 10.62), lower sucrose solvent retention capacity (98.6 vs. 104 g 100 g–1), and larger cookie diameters (17.1 vs. 16.8 cm).
Abbreviations: AACC, American Association of Cereal Chemists • APR-PM, adult plant resistance to powdery mildew • FHB, Fusarium head blight • IT, infection type • QTL, quantitative trait loci • SEV, severity • SRW, soft red winter
‘USG 3555’ (Reg. No. CV-1037, PI 654454) soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is broadly adapted and provides producers in the mid-Atlantic, mid-South, and Deep South regions of the United States with an early-maturing cultivar that is superior to USG 3209. Like its parent USG 3209, USG 3555 is resistant to powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer] and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) and moderately resistant to Barley yellow dwarf virus, Soilborne mosaic virus, and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Unlike its parent, USG 3555 is resistant to stripe rust (P. striiformis Westend.) and moderately resistant to leaf rust (P. triticina Eriks.). USG 3555 is also slightly shorter in plant height and has better straw strength than USG 3209. Marketing and distribution of USG 3555 is being conducted by UniSouth Genetics, Inc., 2640-C Nolensville Rd., Nashville, TN 37211.
Methods
Parentage, Breeding History, and Line Selection
USG 3555 was derived from the three-way cross VA94-52-60/Pioneer Brand 2643 (PI 583739 PVPO)//USG 3209 (PI 617055 PVPO). The parentage of VA94-52-60 is VA82-54-330 (‘Saluda’ sib)/9/Saluda (PI 480474, Starling et al., 1986)/7/FL737-G3-12-2-12/‘Tyler’ (CItr 17899, Starling et al., 1984a)/5/CItr 13836/9*‘Chancellor’ (CItr 12333, Heyne, 1958a)//‘Wheeler’ (CItr 17900, Starling et al., 1984b)/3/‘Severn’ (CItr 17939, Sammons and Johnson, 1982)/4/‘Feland’ (PI 600924)/6/Tyler/8/‘Coker 65-20’ (CItr 14132)/‘Arthur’ (CItr 14425, Patterson et al., 1974) *2//‘Axminster’ (CItr 8195, Clark, 1936)/9*Chancellor/3/Saluda/4/VA71-54-147(CItr 17449)/‘Coker 68-15’ (CItr 15291)/5/Saluda. Parentage of FL 737-G3-12-2-12 is Vogel 5/‘Anderson’ (CItr 12536, Heyne, 1958b)//Purdue Dwarf/‘Hadden’ (CItr 13488)/3/Purdue 6562A1-4-2 {‘Siete Cerros’ (PI 338921, INIA and CIMMYT Wheat Programs, 1972)/Arthur}/4/‘Blueboy II’ (CItr 15281, Murphy, 1972)/Coker 68–8 (CItr 17663).
The final cross was made in spring 1996, and the F1 generation was grown in the field as a single 1.2-m headrow in 1997 to produce F2 seed. The population was advanced from the F2 to F4 generation using a modified bulk breeding method. Wheat heads were selected from the population in each segregating generation (F2–F3) on the basis of absence of obvious disease, early maturity, short straw, and desirable head shape and size. Selected heads were threshed in bulk, and the seed was planted in 20.9-m2 blocks at Blacksburg and Warsaw, VA, in the fall of each year. Heads selected from the F4 bulk were threshed individually and planted in separate 1.2-m headrows at Warsaw, VA. USG 3555 was derived as a bulk of one of these F4:5 headrows selected in 2001 and was evaluated as entry 555 in nonreplicated observation yield tests at Blacksburg and Warsaw, VA, in 2002.
Evaluation in Replicated Yield Trials
USG 3555, previously designated and tested as VA02W-555, was evaluated in Virginia Tech's replicated preliminary yield test at four locations in 2003 and in replicated regional tests at two locations in each of three states (Kentucky, Maryland, and Virginia) in the 2004 Mason-Dixon nursery (data not presented). USG 3555 was evaluated in Virginia's Official State Variety Trial at seven locations over 3 yr (2004–2006) in replicated tests before its release and in subsequent years (see Virginia Tech Corn & Small Grain Management Website, http://www.grains.cses.vt.edu/ [verified 8 July 2009]). It also was evaluated in replicated tests throughout most of the soft red winter wheat region in the USDA–ARS Uniform Southern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery in 2005 and 2006. A majority of these trials were conducted using randomized complete block designs with two to four replications, standard variety testing protocols, and recommended management practices that varied slightly from state to state (USDA–ARS, 2005, 2006). Plant traits assessed visually (e.g., winter kill, straw strength, and disease resistance) were rated using an arbitrary scale from 0 (no visible symptoms) to 9 (severe symptoms) based on intensity and severity of the affected plant area. Disease ratings made using a modified Cobb Scale (Peterson et al., 1948) and reported in the Uniform SRW wheat nurseries were converted to a 0 to 9 scale. Milling and baking data evaluations of the regional nursery used approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemistry (AACC, 2000). A composite of multiple locations was provided by the nursery coordinator to the USDA–ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory at Wooster, OH. Samples of 200 g of each genotype were milled using modifications to AACC Method 26-50 as described by Finney and Andrews (1986). Flour quality was assessed using near infra-red reflectance to determine protein concentration and lactic acid solvent retention capacity to determine gluten strength (AACC, 2000, Approved Method 56-11). Baking quality of the flour samples was measured using the micro-sugar-snap cookie method (AACC 2000, Approved Method 10-52).
All replicated yield tests in Virginia were conducted according to small grain production and management protocols recommended by Brann et al. (2000). Conventional-till yield plots in the Virginia Official Wheat Variety Trial were composed of six 2.74-m rows spaced 0.18 m apart at Blackstone, Orange, and Painter, and seven 2.74-m rows spaced 0.15 m apart at Warsaw and Blacksburg with harvest areas of 4.2 m2 at all locations. No-till test plots planted into corn (Zea maize L.) stubble were composed of seven 6.71-m rows spaced 0.19 m apart at Warsaw, six 6.12-m rows spaced 0.18 m apart at Holland, and six 4.87-m rows spaced 0.18 m apart at Shenandoah Valley locations with harvest areas of 10.2, 9.3, and 7.4 m2, respectively. Conventional-till tests were planted at 22 seeds per 0.304-m row, and no-till tests were planted at 28 seeds per 0.304 m of row. Assessment of reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), was conducted in replicated inoculated and mist-irrigated nurseries according to the procedures described by Chen et al. (2006). Analysis of variance was conducted on data from individual locations and years, and across locations and years using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean comparisons of traits using a protected LSD (P = 0.05) test were made to identify significant differences among genotypes.
Seed Purification and Increase
During fall 2004, 320 F9 headrows of USG 3555 were planted in an isolation block and evaluated for purity and trueness of type. Among the 320 headrows, 32 rows having thin stands and 29 variant rows were removed before harvest of the initial Breeder seed. The variant rows included 3% having taller plants, 1.9% having plants with a blue color, 1.3% having early heading plants, 0.9% having taller and yellow-green–colored plants, 0.6% having plants with yellow-green color, 0.6% having taller and blue-colored plants, 0.3% having later heading and blue-colored plants, and 0.3% having plants with an upright growth habit. The remaining 259 headrows that were homogeneous in appearance and true to type were selected and harvested in bulk during 2005 to form the USG 3555 Breeder seed. This seed was planted on 0.81 ha at the Virginia Crop Improvement Association Foundation Seed Stocks Farm in fall 2005 and produced 212 units (22.7 kg unit–1) of Foundation seed. During fall 2006, 21.5 ha of USG 3555 were planted and produced approximately 4000 units of Foundation seed. Most of this seed was distributed to seed producers during fall 2007, and Certified seed was made available to producers during fall 2008. USG 3555 was observed to be uniform and stable in the F10 to F12 generations during which the final Breeder seed was developed and also in production of Foundation seed during 2007 and 2008. Inspection of Foundation seed fields of USG 3555 by the Virginia Crop Improvement Association reported 0.5% taller plants (up to 46 cm taller in height) in 2007 and 0.14% taller plants in 2008. In 2008 variants also included 0.01% plants with bronze-colored glumes and 0.01% plants having fully awned heads.
Description
Botanical and Agronomic Characteristics
A majority of the data presented here (Tables 1–4
) is from the 2006 to 2008 Virginia Official Variety Trials (http://www.grains.cses.vt.edu/) and from the Uniform Southern SRW Wheat Nursery (USDA–ARS, 2005, 2006) as complete reports are readily available. Statistical analysis is not performed on the latter nursery, so only data means are presented herein.
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Head emergence (days to heading from 1 January) of USG 3555 ranges from 114 to 120 d in the southern soft wheat region (Tables 1 and 2). Head emergence is 1 d later than ‘AGS 2000’ (PI 612956). Plant height of USG 3555 (79–82 cm) is 1 to 4 cm shorter than USG 3209. Straw strength (0 = erect to 9 = completely lodged) of USG 3555 (0.5–1.2) is very good in comparison to USG 3209 (1.4–3.0). On the basis of data from the 2005 (four sites) and 2006 (three sites) Uniform Southern Nurseries, winter hardiness (0 = no injury to 9 = complete kill) of USG 3555 (5.0 and 0.7) is similar to or slightly better than that of USG 3209 (5.6 and 1.0).
Field Performance
In Virginia the 3-yr average (2006–2008) grain yield of USG 3555 (6114 kg ha–1) has been similar to the top-yielding cultivars Pioneer Brands 26R15 and 26R24, and SS 560 and MPV 57 (Table 1). Average grain volume weight of USG 3555 (75.4 kg hL–1) was similar to that of USG 3209. USG 3555 was evaluated in the Uniform Southern SRW Wheat Nursery (Table 2) in 2005 (41 entries, 27 environments) and 2006 (45 entries, 26 environments) and ranked second in grain yield among all entries in 2005 (5651 kg ha–1) and eighth in 2006 (5530 kg ha–1). The four check cultivars had mean grain yields ranging from 4596 to 5080 kg ha–1 in 2005 and from 4878 to 5489 kg ha–1 in 2006. Grain volume weight (74.4–74.5 kg hL–1) of USG 3555 was very similar to that of USG 3209. USG 3555 has a 1000 kernel weight of 41.4 g. The large ovate kernels do not pack as tightly as small oval kernels, which likely contributes to its lower-than-average grain volume weight.
Disease and Insect Resistance
Reaction of USG 3555 to disease and insect pests (0 = immunity to 9 = very susceptible) has been evaluated over diverse environments (Tables 1 and 3). USG 3555 is resistant to powdery mildew (1.0–1.5), stripe rust (0.2–0.7), and stem rust (1.0) and moderately resistant to leaf rust (1.4–4.0). Analyses of genomic DNA assayed with microsatellite markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for adult plant resistance to powdery mildew (APR-PM) on chromosomes 2B, 1B, and 2A and resolved on an ABI 3130xl genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) revealed that USG 3555 contains the target resistance alleles derived from the resistance donor cultivar USG 3209 at marker loci Xbarc80 (100 bp), Xbarc353 (226 bp) and Xgwm047 (136 bp). Markers Xbarc80, Xbarc353, and Xgwm047 are linked to APR-PM QTL located on chromosomes 1B, 2A, and 2B, respectively (Tucker et al., 2007). USG 3555 contains marker alleles linked to three APR-PM QTL identified in ‘Massey’ that were derived from the parent USG 3209, a Massey derivative. USG 3555 is notably more resistant to stripe rust than is USG 3209 (Table 3). In field tests conducted at Washington State University in 2006, disease infection type (IT = 0–9) and severity (SEV = 0–100%) ratings for USG 3555 at Pullman, WA were IT = 2 and SEV = 2% versus IT = 8 and SEV = 80% for USG 3209; and values at Mt. Vernon, WA, were IT = 2 and SEV = 2% for USG 3555 versus IT = 8 and SEV = 20% for USG 3209 (USDA–ARS, 2005, 2006). USG 3555 was evaluated for reaction to leaf rust and stem rust in seedling tests of entries in the 2005 and 2006 Uniform Southern SRW Winter Wheat Nurseries conducted by the USDA–ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, MN (USDA–ARS, 2005, 2006). USG 3555 and USG 3209 are resistant to leaf rust races (BBBD, KDBG, MCDS, MFDS, MLDS, NBBK, SBDB, SBDD, TBBF, THBJ, TLGK, and TNRJ) lacking virulence for both resistance genes Lr11 and Lr26 but are susceptible to races (MCRK, MFGJ, TCRK, and TMGJ) having virulence for these genes. Therefore, USG 3555 possesses the race-specific leaf rust resistance genes Lr11 and Lr26, which it inherited from its parent USG 3209. However in field trials, USG 3555 has expressed a higher level of resistance to leaf rust than does USG 3209 (Tables 1 and 3). Races of Puccinia triticina possessing virulence for genes Lr11 and Lr26 are prevalent throughout most of the southeastern United States; therefore, USG 3555 also likely possesses other seedling or adult-plant resistance genes. USG 3555 like USG 3209 is highly resistant to stem rust and expresses resistance to races MCCF, QFCS, QTHJ, RCRS, RKQQ, TPMK, TTKS, and TTTT. USG 3555 is moderately resistant to Barley yellow dwarf virus (1.0–2.4), Soilborne mosaic virus (0–3.0), and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (2.0–3.0). Depending on environment, USG 3555 is moderately resistant to moderately susceptible to leaf blotch caused by Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz. (3.7–4.0), glume blotch caused by Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & E.G. Germano (3.0–4.3), and FHB. In irrigated experiments inoculated with Fusarium graminearum, USG 3555 had a mean (2006–2008) FHB index (0–100) value (16.0) that was equal to that of USG 3209 (Table 1). Over three environments in the 2006 Uniform Southern SRW Wheat Nursery (Table 3), the mean FHB score (0–9) for USG 3555 (3.8) also was similar to that of USG 3209 (3.6). On the basis of data (score = 4.5) collected in the field (Table 3) and in seedling tests conducted in a growth chamber by the USDA–ARS at West Lafayette, IN, USG 3555 is susceptible to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] biotypes B, C, D, E, and L (USDA–ARS, 2005, 2006).
End-Use Quality
Three independent advance quadrumat milling and baking quality evaluations were conducted over two crop years (2005–2006) by the USDA–ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory in Wooster, OH, to estimate flour yield and softness equivalent of the sample (Table 4). Softness equivalent is an estimator of grain softness and break flour yield in long-flow milling (Finney and Andrews 1986). Flour softness equivalent values of USG 3555 (52.2–57.2 g 100 g–1) were very similar to those of USG 3209. Straight grade flour yields of USG 3555 (68.2–69.7 g 100 g–1) were also similar to those of USG 3209. On average, flour protein concentration of USG 3555 (9.03 g 100 g–1) was higher than that of USG 3209 (8.52 g 100 g–1), while both cultivars had similar gluten strength (113–116 g 100 g–1) assessed via lactic acid solvent retention capacity (AACC Method 56-11). Mean cookie spread diameter of USG 3555 (17.1 cm for two cookies) was slightly higher than that of USG 3209 (16.8 cm). Additional quality data for USG 3555 is reported in Souza et al. (2008).
Availability
The Foundation Seed Stocks Division of Virginia Crop Improvement Association provided Foundation seed of USG 3555 to seed producers during fall 2007, and Certified seed was available to producers in fall 2008. Recognized seed classes include Foundation, Registered, and Certified. U.S. Plant Variety Protection has been granted for USG 3555 (Certificate No. 200800356). A seed sample has been deposited in the USDA–ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation and will become available for distribution after expiration of its U.S. Plant Variety Protection. Small quantities of seed for research purposes may be obtained from the corresponding author for at least 5 years from the date of this publication.
Acknowledgments
USG 3555 was developed with financial support from the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Virginia Small Grains Board, the Virginia Agricultural Council, the Virginia Crop Improvement Association, the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative, and the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service. This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-0790-4-102 and 2006-55606-16629. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication May 15, 2009.
References
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