| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a Univ. of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, 1693 S 2700 W, Aberdeen, ID 83210
b Soft Wheat Quality Lab., USDA-ARS, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
c Univ. of Idaho, Dep. of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
d Horticulture and Crop Science Dep., Ohio State Univ., 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
e Washington State Univ., Dep. of Crop and Soil Science, P.O. Box 646420, Pullman, WA 99164-6420
f Univ. of Idaho, Parma Research and Extension Center, 29603 U of I Lane, Parma, ID 83660
g USDA-ARS, 361 Johnson Hall, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6430. Research was funded in part by the USDA Fund for Rural America, the Idaho Wheat Commission, and the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Projects IDA 1222 and IDA 0267
* Corresponding author (jchen{at}uidaho.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘Cataldo’ (Reg. No. CV-1033, PI 642361) is a soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and released in spring 2007. Cataldo was tested under experimental numbers A02215S-B-1 and IDO642 and has the pedigree of IDO584/4*‘Alturas’. IDO584 carries a new source of resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)], the gene H25, originally derived from KS92WGRC 20. Cataldo was released for its novel Hessian fly resistance, conferred by the gene H25. The resistance was selected using molecular markers Xgwm610 and Xgwm397 associated with the H25 gene, together with phenotypic testing. Cataldo was released to extend the range of the Alturas genetic background into rainfed production regions of northern Idaho and eastern Washington where Hessian fly is a consistent limitation to production. Cataldo is also earlier and shorter than Alturas and has high-temperature adult-plant resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) and end-use quality (cookie and Asian noodles) similar to Alturas.
Abbreviations: HTAP, high-temperature adult-plant • IT, infection type • UI, University of Idaho • WRSWSN, Western Regional Soft White Spring Nursery
‘Cataldo’ (Reg. No. CV-1033, PI 642361) is a soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2007. Cataldo was selected from the backcross IDO584/4*‘Alturas’ and tested under experimental numbers A02215S-B-1 and IDO642. IDO584 is a donor parent that carries a new source of resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)], the gene H25, originally derived from KS92WGRC 20. Alturas (PI 620631) is a soft white spring wheat cultivar released in 2002 (Souza et al., 2004). Cataldo was released for its novel Hessian fly resistance, conferred by the gene H25. The resistance was selected using molecular markers Xgwm610 and Xgwm397 associated with the H25 gene (Guttieri et al., 2003; Wheeler, 2005), together with phenotypic testing. Cataldo, named for the oldest building in Idaho, the Cataldo Mission, is intended to extend the range of the Alturas genetic background into regions of northern Idaho and eastern Washington that have significant infestations of Hessian fly.
Methods
Early Generation Population Development and Hessian Fly Resistance Screening
Cataldo, tested as ID0642 was derived from a backcross line, which was designated A02215S. It has the pedigree ID0584/4*Alturas. IDO584 is an advanced line derived from the cross IDO470*2/KS92WGRC20. IDO470 is a reselection of Idaho 377s (PI 591045, Souza et al., 1997), and KS92WGRC20 (PI 592732) is a germplasm release from the Wheat Genetics Resource Center at Kansas State University that carries the H25 gene for resistance to Hessian fly (Sebasta et al., 1997). The recurrent parent, Alturas, is a soft white spring wheat cultivar released in 2002 that had excellent yield potential and good end-use quality but was susceptible to Hessian fly, limiting its usefulness in northern Idaho and eastern Washington, where Hessian fly is a major pest (Ratcliffe et al., 2000).
Cataldo was developed using a modified backcross breeding procedure. The initial cross was made in 2001 and advanced to the BC3F2 generation in 2002 in a greenhouse in Aberdeen, ID. Backcrossing was conducted and accompanied by selection for progeny carrying the H25 gene using molecular markers Xgwm397 and Xgwm610. In each backcross, approximately 10 to 15 plants were characterized with the two markers. Plants with both marker alleles were then backcrossed to Alturas. After the third backcross, plants carrying the two markers were self-pollinated. The BC3F2 plants were evaluated again with molecular markers Xgwm397 and Xgwm610 and simultaneously for resistance to Hessian fly in replicated laboratory experiments at the University of Idaho (UI) Host Plant Resistance Laboratory at the Manis Entomological Facilities in Moscow, ID, using standard methods (Schotzko and Bosque-Pérez, 2002) with a laboratory colony established with flies collected from spring wheat in the summer of 1998 in Lewiston, ID. Biotypes GP, E, F, and G constituted 83% of the Hessian fly populations near Lewiston, ID (Ratcliffe et al., 2000). The laboratory colony had similar frequencies of these biotypes and resembles the biotype variation present in the field (Schotzko and Bosque-Pérez, 2002) in northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Insects were reared on the Hessian fly–susceptible wheat cultivar Centennial (PI 537303). Hessian fly resistance evaluation was conducted in a laboratory maintained at 21 ± 4°C, and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod. Plexiglass cages (51 by 50 by 51 cm) with nylon organdy-covered access panels on two sides of each cage were used for screening (Schotzko and Bosque-Pérez, 2002). Each cage contained 24 10-cm pots with four plants of the same genotype per pot, including pots planted to the susceptible check Alturas and the resistant check ‘Hank’ (PI 613585). Five replications were tested and pots were randomized within cages. Each cage was infested with five female and five male newly emerged flies when plants reached the two-leaf stage. Following insect infestation, humidity within cages was increased to over 90% to enhance insect establishment by placing plastic wrap over the nylon organdy of cages for 4 d. Humidity was then allowed to return to ambient levels (<50% relative humidity). A day after flies were released, plants were examined to determine if eggs were present and plant height was measured. Plants without eggs were considered escapes and were marked and not evaluated further. At 21 d after infestation, plant height was measured again and plants were dissected to count the number of larvae and puparia per plant. A plant was classified as resistant if it contained no larvae or puparia and suffered no stunting, while plants containing larvae or puparia were classified as susceptible (Schotzko and Bosque-Pérez, 2002).
Line Selection and Evaluation
Cataldo was selected on the basis of Hessian fly resistance and visual appraisal of uniformity and desirable agronomic traits resembling the recurrent parent Alturas. Seven BC3F2:3 plants from within A02215S were selected on the basis of the two markers Xgwm397 and Xgwm610 and resistant reaction to Hessian fly in a laboratory experiment in 2002. These lines were then planted using single-row plots (1.5 m) in 2003 and in an unreplicated observation yield trial in Aberdeen, ID, in 2004. One line, A02215S-B-1 was selected out of the seven lines and was designated as IDO642.
IDO642 was entered in UI Preliminary Yield trials in 2005 and evaluated under irrigation at Aberdeen, American Falls, Hazelton, and Tetonia, ID, and under rainfed conditions at Moscow, ID. It was then evaluated in UI Elite Yield trials from 2005 to 2007. The 2005 evaluation was conducted under irrigation at Aberdeen, American Falls, Hazelton, and Tetonia and under rainfed conditions at Moscow. The 2006 evaluation was conducted under irrigation at Aberdeen, Hazelton, and Tetonia and under rainfed conditions at Moscow, while the 2007 evaluation was conducted under irrigation at Aberdeen and rainfed conditions at Moscow. The preliminary and elite yield trials consisted of three replicated plots planted to a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of seven rows 4.3 m long and 1.5 m wide, with row spacing of 22 cm. The seeding rate was 2.47 and 1.98 million kernels ha–1 for irrigated and rainfed conditions, respectively. Alturas, ‘Nick’ (developed by Westbred LLC, Bozeman, MT), and ‘Treasure’ (PI 468962) were used as check cultivars.
IDO642 also was evaluated in the Western Regional Soft White Spring Nursery (WRSWSN) from 2005 to 2007. The WRSWSN was planted to five irrigated locations including Aberdeen, ID (2005–2007), Klamath Falls, OR (2005–2007), Davis, CA (2005–2006), Logan, UT (2005–2006), and Tulelake, CA (2005–2006). The nursery was planted in nine rainfed locations, including Bonners Ferry and Moscow, ID (2005–2007), Tetonia, ID (2005), Corvallis, OR (2005–2007), Bozeman, MT (2005–2006), Kalispell, MT (2006), Pendleton, OR (2005), Pullman, WA (2005–2007), and Waitsburg, WA (2006–2007). The WRSWSN is the primary, irrigated and rainfed regional variety trial for Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. Each location had three replications. Each plot consisted of seven rows 4.3 m long and 1.5 m wide, with row spacing of 22 cm. Alturas, ‘Alpowa’ (PI 566596), ‘Louise’ (PI 634865, Kidwell et al., 2006), and Nick were used as check cultivars.
Grain yield was measured in both the UI and WRSWSN trials. Grain volume weight and plant height were measured in most locations of both sets of trials, while days to heading was recorded in trials at UI research stations in Aberdeen, Tetonia, and Moscow. Lodging was recorded when significant lodging was present in the field.
Milling and baking quality were measured for composite grain samples harvested from Bonners Ferry and Moscow (2005–2006), and Aberdeen (2005–2007) and evaluated for heritable differences in milling and baking quality as previously described (Guttieri and Souza, 2003). Near-infrared analysis (Perten 8611, Perten Instruments, Springfield, IL) (AACC method 39-10) (American Association of Cereal Chemists, 2000) was used to determine flour protein concentration with values calibrated by combustion analysis of total nitrogen content (LECO Model FP-428, LECO Corp., St. Joseph, MO) and corrected to 120 g kg–1. Sugar snap cookies were prepared and measured (AACC method 10-52) (American Association of Cereal Chemists, 2000). Solvent retention capacity of flour was measured using four water-based solvents according to the AACC method 56-11 (Gaines, 2000) with minor modifications as described previously (Guttieri et al., 2001a). Noodle quality was measured from a composite grain sample harvested in Aberdeen (2005–2006) using an Asian-style alkaline noodle. Alkaline noodles were prepared as described in Guttieri et al. (2001b). All quality analyses were conducted in the UI Wheat Quality Laboratory in Aberdeen.
Stripe Rust Evaluation
Cataldo was evaluated for resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. in the field under natural infections and under controlled greenhouse conditions with selected races. It was tested in single-row plots (1.5 m long) in the WRSWSN in 2006 and 2007; and at three locations near Pullman, one location near Walla Walla (southeastern WA), one location near Lind (central WA), and one location near Mount Vernon, WA. The nurseries were planted in late March to late April depending on location and year. Stripe rust resistance was evaluated twice at the Feekes growth stages (FS) 5–6 and 10.1–10.5 for most of locations when the susceptible check, ‘Lemhi’ (CItr 11415) had about 30% and greater than 80% severities at each growth stage, respectively. Stripe rust resistance also was evaluated at growth stage FS 10.1–11 at the Mount Vernon location when Lemhi had 40 to 100% severity depending upon year. Infection type (IT) data were recorded based on the 0 to 9 scale as described by Line and Qayoum (1992) and severity data were recorded as percentage of foliage infected.
In the greenhouse, 10 to 15 two-leaf stage seedlings of Cataldo were tested with each of races PST-17, PST-37, PST-43, PST-45, PST-100, PST-116, and PST-127 of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici at low temperatures (diurnal cycles gradually changing from 4 to 20oC). Inoculation, incubation, and note-taking were done using standard procedures (Chen and Line, 1992). Races tested collectively contain virulence genes known to occur in the United States. The races PST-100 and PST-116 were predominant in 2005, 2006, and/or 2007 in the Pacific Northwest (Chen, 2005; 2007; unpublished data). Infection types were recorded 20 to 22 d after inoculation. For adult-plant tests, races PST-100, PST-116, and PST-127 were used individually to inoculate adult plants at the growth stages FS 10–10.1. After incubation in a dew chamber at 10oC for 24 h, plants were grown in a growth chamber under controlled diurnal temperature cycles gradually changing from 10 to 35oC as described by Chen and Line (1995). For each race test, three plants were used and IT was recorded for each plant.
Seed Purification and Increase
Prebreeder seed of Cataldo originated from a composite of 100 head rows selected in Aberdeen, ID, in July 2005 on the basis of uniformity and similarity in appearance. The prebreeder seed was planted in Yuma, AZ, in fall 2005 to produce Breeder seed. In 2006 breeder seed was planted in Tetonia, ID, to produce Foundation seed. Cataldo is uniform for plant type without obvious phenotypic variants and has remained stable during four generations of evaluation, from 2003 to 2006.
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were done using SAS Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Analysis of variance for grain yield, grain volume weight, days to heading, height, and lodging was performed across locations within years, and a combined analysis was performed across location-years using only entries common to all trials from 2005 to 2007. Within-year analyses were done according to a mixed model with location and genotypes as fixed factors and replications within location as random factors. Across-years analyses used a fixed model with location-years and genotypes as fixed factors. Data for end-use quality were measured at each location every year (2005–2007), and an average was taken over the 3-year/locations using the interaction for genotype with location-year as the error term for genotype effects. The LSD test (
= 0.05) was used to compare the least squares means for the genotype effects for yield, agronomic, and quality traits.
Characteristics
Agronomic and Botanical Description
Cataldo is most similar in appearance to its recurrent parent Alturas. Cataldo has a nonpigmented and erect juvenile growth habit. It has a semidwarf plant type, shorter than Alturas, Louise, Alpowa, and Nick (Table 1
). Cataldo has an awned, erect, lax head, which is white-chaffed at maturity. Seed of Cataldo is white and oval with a kernel type similar to Alturas.
|
Cataldo is distinguishable from Alturas using the polymerase chain reaction amplification products of the markers Xgwm397 and Xgwm610 for the Hessian fly resistance gene H25 or by its phenotypic resistant response to Hessian fly either in the laboratory or field (Table 2 ).
|
Cataldo has high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust. Except at Mt. Vernon, WA, Cataldo was resistant in all field tests with ITs 0 to 3 and severities 0 to 10%, similar to Alturas and Louise, while Lemhi, a susceptible check genotype, had IT 8 and 20 to 100% severities and Nick was either resistant (ITs 0–2) or susceptible (IT 8) depending on location and year. At Mt. Vernon, Cataldo was resistant to susceptible (ITs 2–8) in different nurseries in early growth stages (FS 5–6) but ranked resistant to moderately resistant (ITs 3–5) with low severities (10–30%) in late growth stages (FS 10.1–10.5), indicating HTAP resistance. When tested under controlled greenhouse conditions, Cataldo was susceptible in the seedling stage at low temperatures to races PST-17, PST-37, PST-43, PST-45, PST-100, PST-116, and PST-127 of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Under high temperatures, adult plants of Cataldo were resistant (ITs 1–3), similar to Alturas and Louise, while plants of Lemhi were susceptible (IT 8). Together with the field data, the results of greenhouse tests show that Cataldo has a good level of HTAP resistance in combination with unspecified seedling resistance to stripe rust.
End-Use Quality
The overall end-use quality of Cataldo is similar to that of Alturas in both irrigated and rainfed locations. Cataldo also had better flour yield than Alpowa and better break flour yield than Nick in rainfed locations (Table 3
). Cataldo had good noodle quality, similar to Alturas, and better noodle quality (Chinese raw noodle) than Louise, Alpowa, and Nick based on noodle color change between 0 and 24 h (L* differential value) (Table 3). Cataldo had high lactic acid solvent retention capacity and low sucrose retention capacity, similar to Alturas and Louise (Table 3).
|
Seed of Cataldo will be maintained by the University of Idaho, Foundation Seed Program, 3793 North 3600 East, Kimberly ID 83341. Plant Variety Protection will not be sought for Cataldo and seed will be freely distributed to all interested parties.
Acknowledgments
Cataldo was developed with financial support from the Idaho Wheat Commission, the Idaho Agricultural Experimental Station, the USDA Fund for Rural America, and Kraft/Nabisco. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Karen Peterson, Leland Sorensen, Jack Clayton, Thomas Koehler, and Jim Whitmore. They are grateful to growers Hans Hayden, Lynn Carlquist, Verl Christensen, and Gilbert Hoffmeister for providing technical support and land for trials.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 7, 2008.
References
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
