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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824
b Mich. Dry Bean Production Res. Advisory Board, 3066 S. Thomas Rd., Saginaw, MI 48603
c Betaseed, Inc., 1788 Marschall Rd,, Shakopee, MN 55379. Research supported by Michigan Crop Improv. Assoc., Michigan Dry Bean Prod. Res. Adv. Board and the Michigan Agric. Exp. Stn
* Corresponding author (kellyj{at}msu.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘Zorro’ black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-288, PI 656394), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station was released in 2008 as an upright, midseason, disease-resistant cultivar. Zorro was developed from a backcross population using pedigree selection to the F4 followed by pure line selection for disease and agronomic and quality traits. Zorro combines high yield potential with erect architecture and is among the highest-yielding contemporary black and navy bean cultivars. Zorro has excellent resistance to lodging, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow production systems. The upright architecture also contributes to avoidance to white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary], a disease aggravated by narrow rows. Zorro possesses partial resistance to common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.] and resistance to specific races of rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger], virus, and anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib.]. Zorro has a small opaque dry bean seed typical of the black bean seed class that meets the standards of national and international markets. The canning quality of Zorro is equivalent to other black bean cultivars as it retains more black color following processing.
Abbreviations: BCMNV, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus • CBB, common bacterial blight
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) represent the largest commercial bean class in Michigan. In 2008, 46% bean acres harvested in Michigan were black beans, which represents 57.6% of U.S. black bean production (National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2009), and growers need high-yielding cultivars suitable for direct harvest. Black bean production in Michigan increased significantly in the early 1980s, but overall yields of black beans have not kept pace with that of navy bean cultivars in Michigan (7% less). This figure is based on yield data for the ‘Vista’ navy and ‘T-39’ black bean collected by Gregory V. Varner over a 19-yr period (1990–2008) at 102 locations in Michigan. Traditional black bean cultivars such as T-39 have been widely grown in the state since that period, but to reduce production costs growers increasingly require more upright cultivars better suited for direct harvest. Upright full-season cultivars ‘Domino’ (Kelly et al., 1987) and ‘Midnight’(Sutton and Coyne, 2007) provided such an opportunity, but they failed to meet the yield expectations due to lower seed partitioning compared with the more decumbent T-39. Contemporary upright cultivars such as ‘Jaguar’ (Kelly et al., 2001) are more-efficient, earlier-maturing genotypes that generate less biomass, which limits their resilience under stress. Over the last decade, changing weather patterns in the Great Lakes region of the United States are reflected in lower rainfall patterns during the summer months. Since 90% of bean production in Michigan is under rainfed conditions, new cultivars will need to possess higher levels of drought tolerance if this trend continues. Higher levels of drought tolerance have been identified in the black bean breeding line B98311, which has been used successfully as a parent in developing drought tolerant germplasm (Frahm et al., 2004). Canning quality is an increasingly important component of all bean classes, and color retention is particularly critical in canned black beans. The polyphenolic anthocyanin pigments in the black bean seed coat (Lin et al., 2008) are highly water soluble and are leached during thermal processing. Cultivars such as ‘Condor’ (Kelly et al., 2005) retain more color and are valued by food processors. Maintaining these quality attributes in future cultivars is critical. Combining this array of traits is essential for all future successful black bean cultivars.
‘Zorro’ black bean (Reg. No. CV-288, PI 656394), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2008 as an upright, midseason, disease-resistant cultivar to meet these criteria.
Methods
Zorro, tested as Michigan State University black bean breeding line B04554, was developed from the cross B00103*2/X00822 made in spring 2001. Michigan State University black bean breeding line B00103 is an F4 sib of the black bean cultivar Condor (Kelly et al., 2005) and possesses many of the same traits as Condor for disease resistance and canning quality. Michigan State University black breeding line X00822 (B98311/VAX 5) was developed by Frahm et al. (2004) to combine the drought tolerance of B98311 with the common bacterial blight [CBB, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al.] resistance of VAX 5 (Singh and Muñoz, 1999; O'Boyle et al., 2007). F1 plants were grown and selfed in the field in Saginaw, MI, and single plant selection no. 4 was made in the F2 nursery at Saginaw in 2002 on the basis of black bean seed traits and agronomic traits that included upright type II growth habit, short vine development, lodging resistance, midseason maturity, and uniform dry down. Seed color and size traits were selected as acceptable commercial black bean seed class. A single F2:3 progeny row was grown and mass-selected for seed and agronomic traits at Isabela, PR. Traits selected included upright short vine, lodging resistance, good pod load, black bean seed size and color, and freedom from diseases. Remnant seed was screened for resistance to the NL 3 strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) in the greenhouse, and resistance was confirmed in the F2:3 progeny row. In 2003, single plant selection no. 6 was made in the F2:4 progeny row at Saginaw for upright architecture, lodging resistance, acceptable pod load and placement, uniform midseason maturity, and commercial black bean seed traits. All future selections are F4–derived as the line was mass-selected in later generations. A single F4:5 progeny row was grown at Isabela, PR, during winter 2003–2004 and mass-selected on the basis of agronomic and seed traits, similar to those described in the F4. Remnant seed was confirmed to be resistant to BCMNV, strain NL 3 but was susceptible to race 73 of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib. In 2004 the F4:6 breeding line, coded 01B008-04-01-06, was entered in replicated yield trials at Saginaw with the permanent code number B04554. Canning tests were initiated in 2004. The line was advanced on the basis of superior yield performance and excellent canning quality. During 4 yr (2005–2008) of testing, breeding line B04554 was advanced from F7 to the F10 and yield tested at 34 locations in mid-Michigan, and at locations in Washington, North Dakota, New York, and Ontario, Canada. White mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] screening was conducted at the Montcalm Research Farm (Entrican, MI), and canning tests were conducted on seed produced at most Michigan locations. Common bacterial blight screening was conducted by collaborators in Puerto Rico, Nebraska, and South Africa, and rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger] screening was conducted at Beltsville, MD.
Characteristics
Zorro has been tested for 5 yr (2004–2008) over 36 locations by Michigan State University in cooperation with colleagues in Michigan, New York, North Dakota, and Ontario. The combined yield data comparisons with five black bean cultivars are shown in Table 1
. Averaged over all 36 locations, Zorro yielded 3092 kg ha–1 and significantly exceeded the yield of all entries at the locations tested (Table 1). Yield ranged from a high of 4973 kg ha–1 in Brussels, Ontario, in 2008 to a low of 1938 kg ha–1 in Tuscola County, MI, in 2006. Over the locations tested, Zorro significantly outyielded all the commercial check cultivars: Jaguar (92%), Condor (91%), T-39 (87%), ‘Eclipse’ (90%), and Domino (92%). Under the narrow row (
50 cm) width testing combined with direct harvest used in Saginaw, Zorro has yielded from 4368 to 4637 kg ha–1 in 2005 and 2006 and appears well suited to this increasingly popular management system. In similar direct harvest narrow row trials at Brussels and Kippen, Ontario, in 2008, Zorro yielded the highest in these tests. Zorro yielded 3170 kg ha–1 compared with 3108 kg ha–1 for the new full-season black bean cultivar Shania over 14 locations from California to New York and Ontario in 2008. Zorro is also competitive with current navy bean cultivars. Over 3 yr of testing at 11 locations in Michigan, Zorro yielded 2745 kg ha–1 compared with 2679 kg ha–1 for Vista and 2737 kg ha–1 for ‘Medalist’.
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Zorro black bean cultivar was released by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI, and is available under license from MSU Technologies, with the option that Zorro may be sold for seed by name only under the Foundation and Certified seed classes. A royalty will be assessed on each hundredweight unit of Foundation seed sold. Breeder seed is maintained by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station under license with the Michigan Crop Improvement Association. Small quantities of Zorro seed for testing purposes can be obtained from the corresponding author for the first 5 years. Recipients of seed are asked to make appropriate recognition of the source of germplasm if it is used in the development of a new cultivar, germplasm, parental line, or genetic stock. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Zorro is pending.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Tim Porch, USDA-ARS, Mayaguez, PR; Carlos Urrea, Univ. of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE; M.A. (Talo) Pastor-Corrales, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD; Deidre Fourie, Potchefstrom, South Africa, for conducting disease screening trials; Jim Beaver, Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR for conducting winter nurseries in Isabela, PR; An Hang, Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA for coordinating the National Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery; and Steve Willis, Univ. of Guelph, Exeter, ON, for trial data from Ontario.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 29, 2008.
References
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