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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824
b Mich. Dry Bean Production Research Advisory Board, 3066 S. Thomas Rd., Saginaw, MI 48603
c Dep. of Biology, Univ. of Puerto Rico at Cayey, PR 00736. Research supported by Michigan Crop Improv. Assoc., Michigan Dry Bean Prod. Res. Adv. Board and the Michigan Agric. Exp. Stn
* Corresponding author (kellyj{at}msu.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘Fuji’ Otebo bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-289, PI 656392), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2008 as a new early-season, virus-resistant cultivar. Fuji was developed as a fourth backcross line from the commercial cultivar Hime. Fuji differs from Hime in possessing resistance to Bean common mosaic virus. In comparative trials, Fuji is similar to Hime in performance (2406 kg ha–1), plant height (43 cm), lodging resistance (2.2), and seed size (27.6 g 100 seed–1). Fuji flowers in 43 d and matures in 90 d 3 d earlier than Hime. Fuji and Hime possess the same determinate growth habit and resistance to race 73 of anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib.]. Fuji meets the quality characteristics for use in sweet bean paste.
Abbreviations: BCMNV, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus • BCMV, Bean common mosaic virus
‘Fuji’ Otebo bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-289, PI 656392), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2008 as a new early-season, virus-resistant cultivar. Otebo (aka tebo) is a small white-seeded specialty bean class from Japan used to produce the confectionary known as An (white) sweet bean paste. Red bean paste uses azuki (aka adzuki) beans [Vigna angularis (Willd). Ohwi & Ohashi]. The tebo bean is preferred over similar small white-seeded navy beans as the internal cotyledon color is white, unlike the off-white gray color typical of navy beans. Tebo beans produce a more desirable pale-colored product known as Tsubu-An paste. The market for this class expanded in Michigan in the early 2000s, and new opportunities may be generated by a canning company in the United Kingdom, where nearly 1.5 million cans of baked beans (navy bean) are produced daily. The market for tebo beans in Japan appears to be stable with a slight upward trend from 8000 to 10,000+ Mg per year, with a substantial part of that production coming from the United States and Canada. Tebo beans compete for market share with baby lima (P. lunatus L.), great northern, and navy beans, but future gains in market share will depend on reformulations of paste products by the paste manufacturing industry in Japan and on the price of butter beans (lima beans) from Myanmar.
Prior breeding efforts on tebo beans in Hokkaido, Japan, have focused on improving the architecture features of the cultivar Hime tebo (Shinada and Sato, 1993). Hime has a medium round white seed (28–32 g 100 seed–1) and a determinate (Type I) growth habit, but it is highly susceptible to Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and to races 7 and 89 of anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib.]. In 2001, all production fields of Hime in Michigan, grown from seed produced in Washington State were infected with BCMV. The virus isolated from the tebo seed produced in Washington was confirmed to be a new strain, NL 4, of BCMV (Table 1 ; Drijfhout, 1978). Production of virus-free seed of Hime in the western states of the United States is problematic due to presence of endemic strains of BCMV. Since the importation of virus in seed of Hime could threaten bean production in Michigan, the most effective solution was to develop a virus-resistant tebo bean. The plan to introduce the dominant I gene through backcrossing is limited as direct rub inoculation with the NL 3 strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), routinely used for screening in the Michigan State University bean breeding program, results in top necrosis (Table 1). The top necrosis hypersensitive reaction between the I gene and the NL 3 strain results in plant death, excluding the opportunity to backcross resistant individuals. Indirect selection methods using marker-assisted selection with the SW13 sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker (Melotto et al., 1996) linked to the I gene was used to initiate screening in the BC1 generation. Those lines, in which the single band of size (690 bp) was clearly amplified, were used as parents for further backcrossing to the Hime cultivar.
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The original cross between Hime tebo and ‘Matterhorn’ great northern cultivar was made in 2001. The purpose of the cross was to introduce resistance to BCMV into the tebo bean class by selecting for the I resistance gene from Matterhorn (Kelly et al., 1999). Matterhorn great northern was chosen as the donor parent since it was a medium-sized white bean not dissimilar to the tebo class in seed size and color. Three F1 individuals from the original cross were extensively backcrossed to Hime, and BC1F1lines from the first backcross to Matterhorn were screened using the SW-13 marker linked to the I gene to identify parents for crossing back to Hime to generate the BC2 generation. BC2F1 individuals carrying the SW-13 marker were backcrossed to Hime to generate BC3F1 lines, and the process was continued to the BC4 generation. Single plant selections were made in the field in 2004 among BC4F2 individuals for similarity to the Hime parent. The BC4F2:3 individuals were advanced two generations by single-seed descent, and resistance to both BCMV and anthracnose was confirmed by direct inoculation. In 2005, 35 BC4F4:5 breeding lines with G05900 codes entered replicated yield trials at Saginaw, MI, for direct comparison with the check cultivar Hime. Resistant to BCMNV strain NL 3 was confirmed by rub inoculation in the greenhouse in East Lansing, MI, using remnant seed of the BC4F4:6 breeding lines. In addition, reaction to race 73 of anthracnose was confirmed in all advanced lines using spray inoculation in the greenhouse. Evaluation of the highest-yielding lines continued on the basis of yield performance, maturity, determinate growth habit, and phenotype most similar to Hime. From 2006 to 2008, 24 breeding lines and the check Hime continued to be evaluated in lattice designs with four replications at Saginaw, MI. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance for a lattice design (Table 2 and 3). On the basis of continued yield performance and phenotypic similarity to Hime in growth habit, agronomic traits, seed size and appearance, G05922 was released as the cultivar Fuji. Dry seed color of Fuji was compared to Hime using the L-scale of a Hunter Color Difference Meter. A seed sample was sent to Japan for evaluation and suitability in the An bean paste product as the actual processing procedure is known only to the Japanese processors.
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Fuji, tested as G05922, was compared to Hime over 4 yr (2005–2008) at six locations in Michigan. In direct comparisons, Fuji yielded 2406 kg ha–1 compared with 2315 kg ha–1 for Hime (Table 2). Yields ranged from a high of 3954 kg ha–1 in Sanilac County to a low of 1109 kg ha–1 caused by severe moisture stress in Gratiot County in 2008. The high CV values in 2008 reflect the drought stress in Gratiot County and a high incidence of common bacterial blight [caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith)] in Saginaw County. No significant differences in yield were observed between Fuji and Hime cultivars over 4 yr of testing. Fuji flowers in 43 d and matures in 90 d, ranging in maturity from 82 to 96 d, and is 3 d earlier than Hime. Fuji is similar to Hime in growth habit, height, and lodging (Table 3 ). Fuji has an average seed size of 27.6 g 100 seed–1, is similar in size to Hime (28.3 g 100 seed–1), and seed size has ranged from 23.5 to 32.5 g 100 seed–1 over 4 yr. Fuji possesses the single dominant hypersensitive I gene, which conditions resistance to all seed-borne strains of BCMV, whereas Hime is highly susceptible to BCMV and is a carrier of seedborne virus. Fuji is resistant to the NL 4 strain of BCMV that originated in Washington and produces top necrosis reaction to inoculation with the NL 3 strain of BCMNV. Fuji and Hime are resistant to anthracnose race 73 but are susceptible to race 7. Both Fuji and Hime are susceptible to common bacterial blight, rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger], and white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] and exhibit similar levels of susceptibility to these pathogens. The L-color of the dry seed for Fuji (69.1) and Hime (70.2) was similar but the seed color of ‘Vista’ navy bean (66.5) was darker. Following processing, Fuji was judged no different from Hime in color (whiteness) or starch viscosity (stickiness) by the Japanese paste manufacturers.
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Fuji tebo bean cultivar was released by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, MI, and was licensed from Michigan State University Technologies to PFI International Inc., Okemos, MI., on an exclusive basis for sale in the United States and Canada. PFI International Inc. is in turn working exclusively with the Michigan Crop Improvement Association on the production of Breeder and Foundation seed classes, with Certified seed of Fuji available after 2010. A royalty will be paid on each hundredweight unit of Foundation and Certified seed sold. Breeder seed is maintained by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station under license with the Michigan Crop Improvement Association. Small quantities of Fuji tebo seed for testing purposes can be obtained from the corresponding author for the first 5 years. Recipients of seed are asked to make appropriate recognition of the source of germplasm if it is used in the development of a new cultivar, germplasm, parental line, or genetic stock. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Fuji tebo bean is anticipated.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Halima Awale for conducting virus screening trials and Willi Kohl for organizing the quality evaluations in Japan.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 29, 2008.
References
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