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a Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105
b Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State Univ., P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105
c USDA-ARS, Fargo, ND
* Corresponding author (mohamed.mergoum{at}ndsu.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘ND901CL’ (Reg. No. CV-1029, PI 655233) hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed at North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES). ND901CL was released in 2008 primarily for its tolerance to imadazolinone herbicides. It has superior adaptation to rainfed wheat production in western regions of North Dakota and counties in adjacent states. It is a CLEARFIELD-tolerant wheat intended to be used with Beyond herbicide (active ingredient imazamox, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid; BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC). The tolerance to CLEARFIELD herbicide in ND901CL is controlled by two genes. The als1 locus for acetolactate synthase, is located on the D genome and was transferred from ‘FS4’ wheat. The als2 locus is located on the B genome and originated from ‘Teal 11A’ wheat. ND901CL was derived from the Teal 11A/3/‘Grandin’ (PI 531005)/FS4//*3 ‘Kulm’ cross made at NDSU in 2002. Grandin and Kulm are two HRSW cultivars released by NDAES in 1989 and 1994, respectively. Both FS4 and Teal 11A were provided by the BASF Corporation to our breeding program. ND901CL was produced from a bulk of one purified F4:5 plot selected in 2004 at Christchurch, New Zealand. ND901CL was released because it combines high yield with good end-use quality and tolerance to BEYOND herbicide.
Abbreviations: EYT, elite yield trial • FHB, Fusarium head blight • HRSW, hard red spring wheat • NDAES, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station • NDSU, North Dakota State University • PYT, preliminary yield trial • VT, variety trial • WQC, Wheat Quality Council
‘ND901CL’ (Reg. No. CV-1029, PI 655233) hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (HRSW) was developed at North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES). ND901CL was released in 2008 primarily for its tolerance to imadazolinone herbicides, which control many difficult-to-manage weeds in wheat production systems. ND901CL also has superior adaptation to rainfed wheat production systems in western regions of North Dakota and counties in adjacent states. In addition to researchers at NDSU, USDA-ARS researchers in Fargo, ND, contributed to the testing of ND901CL for stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) resistance and grain end-use quality. The name ND901CL was selected because it is a CLEARFIELD-tolerant wheat developed by NDSU intended to be used with BEYOND herbicide (active ingredient imazamox, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid; BASF Corporation Research Triangle Park, NC).
ND901CL was derived from the ‘Teal 11A’/3/‘Grandin’ (PI 531005)/FS4//*3‘Kulm’ cross made at NDSU in spring 2002. Grandin and Kulm are two HRSW cultivars released by NDAES in 1989 and 1994, respectively. FS4 and Teal 11 were provided by the BASF Corporation to our breeding program as the source of the als1 (Anderson et al., 2004; Baenziger et al., 2006) and als2 CLEARFIELD herbicide resistance genes, respectively.
Methods
Early Generation Development
ND901CL was developed using a combination of modified bulk and pedigree breeding procedures. The cross leading to ND901CL was made in spring 2002, and F1 seeds were grown in the field at Prosper, ND, in summer 2002. The F2 population was grown in the greenhouse in fall 2002 and sprayed with BEYOND herbicide (imazamox) at twice the label rate (i.e., 70 g a.i. ha–1). Resistant F2 plants were harvested, threshed individually, and planted in large pots as F3 under greenhouse conditions in spring 2003. Similarly, F3 plots were sprayed at twice label rate with imazamox. Subsequently, four spikes from each F3 family were harvested, threshed individually, and advanced as F4 head-row plots in a New Zealand off-season nursery during winter 2003–2004. Selected rows from New Zealand were harvested in bulk and tested as F5 in the preliminary yield trial (PYT) grown at three locations; Carrington, Casselton, and Prosper, ND, in summer 2004. On the basis of yield and other agronomic merits, five spikes were selected from each selected entry included in the PYT. These spikes were then threshed individually and grown as head-row plots in the New Zealand off-season nursery during winter 2004–2005. Among the head-rows at New Zealand, one row (NZ-3699) was selected, threshed in bulk, and included in the elite yield trial (EYT) in summer 2005 to produce ND901CL. While selections in the F2, F3, and F4 generations were based mainly on tolerance to imazamox and resistance to leaf diseases, particularly leaf rust (caused by P. triticina Eriks.); selection in other generations also included agronomic merits, particularly plant vigor, height, and earliness. In New Zealand, selection was based mainly on visual uniformity, lack of grain shattering, plant height, and lodging resistance.
Line Selection and Evaluation
ND901CL was initially evaluated for agronomic traits in the PYT in summer 2004. It was tested for both agronomic and quality traits in the EYT grown in seven locations across North Dakota in 2005. Subsequently, ND901CL was tested in the North Dakota HRSW Variety Trials (VT) (HRSW-VT) in 2006 and 2007. ND901CL was also tested in the Spring Wheat Quality Council (WQC) tests in 2006 and 2007. The PYT and EYT were arranged in an RCBD with two replicates for PYT and four replicates for EYT. The experimental unit consisted of seven rows, 3 m long, and 30 cm apart. While the PYT were grown in three locations (Carrington, Casselton, and Prosper, ND), EYT were grown in four additional locations; Minot, Hettinger, Langdon, and Williston. The HRSW-VT is a statewide trial conducted at seven locations across North Dakota in an RCBD with four replicates. The plot size consisted of eight rows, 10 m long, and 30 cm apart. The WQC trials are unreplicated trials conducted during 2006 and 2007 in eight to nine location-years across the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. The trials include HRSW lines that are considered for release from several HRSW breeding programs. Each entry is usually planted on about 2000 m2. The seed harvested from these trials are distributed among quality laboratories across the United States for large-scale milling and baking tests.
To meet the qualification of CLEARFIELD tolerance in wheat, ND901CL was tested in the CLEARFIELD Wheat Qualification trials (CWQ). These trials are designed to test the reaction of ND901CL and checks to different doses of imazamox herbicide. Two similar trials were conducted in each location. One trial was sprayed with the herbicide, while the other was kept as a control (no spraying). The sprayed trial included the following treatments: control (no herbicide), 1x label rate (35 g a.i. ha–1 of imazamox), and 2x label rate (70 g a.i. ha–1 of imazamox). Trials were established in four locations across North Dakota in 2006 and 2007. Each trial was laid out in an RCBD with four replicates. The plot size consisted of eight rows, 10 m long, and 30 cm apart.
ND901CL was evaluated for its reaction to different races of leaf rust, stem rust, and Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; [telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]) in the greenhouse and in the field in 2006 and 2007. Greenhouse trials were arranged in an RCBD with three replicates and three plants per replicate as the experimental unit. Screening of ND901CL for FHB was conducted from 2004 to 2007 in eight FHB nurseries under both field (four location-years) and greenhouse (four experiments) conditions. The field FHB nursery was laid out in an RCBD with four replicates and inoculated with F. graminearum using the spray inoculation method described by Rudd et al. (2001) with overhead mist irrigation to enhance disease development. Ten spikes from each plot were selected randomly and were scored for FHB disease severity following the method used by Stack and Frohberg (1997). Entries were assigned to a hill plot with 8 to 10 plants. Similarly, the greenhouse experiments were arranged in an RCBD with three replicates. The entries were assigned to a 0.5-m row plot.
The reaction type of ND901CL to stem and leaf rusts was done on the basis of six field tests (RCBD, four replicates, and 1-m row plot per replicate) and two greenhouse tests (RCBD, three replicates, and four plants per replicate) in 2006 and 2007. The field tests were conducted at Fargo, Carrington, and Langdon, ND. In the greenhouse experiments, ND901CL was specifically evaluated for resistance to the predominant stem rust pathotypes Pgt-TMLK, -QTHJ, -QFCQ, -RTQQ, -TPMK, -THTS, and -TCMJ, as well as leaf rust pathotypes MCDL and THBJ.
Seed Purification and Increase
ND901CL was produced from a bulk of one purified F4:5 plot selected in 2003–2004 at Christchurch, NZ. ND901CL was further purified by selecting 100 spikes from the quality drill strips (F8) grown at Casselton, ND, in 2005. These spikes were threshed individually and seeded as head-rows at Prosper, ND, in 2006. Nonuniform rows were discarded, and the remaining rows were bulked and seed planted in a winter nursery conducted at Yuma, AZ, as the first seed increase of ND901CL. Further seed increase of ND901CL was continued by the NDSU seed-stock program in summer 2007. The purity of ND901CL was maintained throughout the increase process using visual elimination of off-type plants (taller, different spike color, and presence or absence of awns).
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using SAS 6.0.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Grain yield and other agronomic data such as grain volume weight from the PYT, EYT, and WQC trials and HRSW-VT were subjected to analysis of variance across locations within years, and a combined analysis across location-years was performed whenever error variances were homogeneous. The analysis of the above trials included only entries common to the trials across years. A mixed model with environments and genotypes as fixed effects and replications within environments as random effects was used for within-year analyses. Similarly, across-year analyses were also done according to a mixed model with genotypes and location-year combinations as fixed effects and replications within location-year combinations as random effects. Tukey's HSD test (
= 0.05) was used to compare the least squares means for the genotype effects.
Characteristics
Agronomic and Botanical Description
ND901CL has a lax and awned head type, is medium-early maturing, and is a semidwarf hard spring wheat. ND901CL's height (82 cm) is similar to most grown cultivars such as ‘Glenn’ (83 cm) (PI 639273; Mergoum et al., 2006a), ‘Howard’ (PI 642367; Mergoum et al., 2006b) and ‘Steele-ND’ (81 cm) (PI 634981; Mergoum et al., 2005b), ‘Alsen’ (79 cm) (PI 615543; Frohberg et al., 2006), ‘Reeder’ (PI 613586) (79 cm), and ‘AP603 CL’ (84 cm) (Table 1
). ND901CL, however, is significantly shorter (P < 0.05) than ‘Parshall’ (PI 613587) (86 cm) and ‘Dapps’ (87 cm) (PI 633862; Mergoum et al., 2005a). ND901CL heads the same day as Glenn, Alsen, Reeder, and Steele-ND but 3 d later (P < 0.05) than AP603CL. Straw strength (plant lodging) was measured on a scale of 0 to 9, where 0 = plants were completely erect and 9 = plants totally flat at harvest. ND901CL was resistant (lodging score = 0.7), similar to Glenn, Parshall, Reeder, and AP603CL; whereas Steele-ND, Alsen, and Dapps were the most susceptible cultivars with lodging scores of 1.9, 1.8, and 1.7, respectively.
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ND901CL was observed for eight crop cycles (F3–F10 generations) from 2003 to 2007. It was shown to be uniform and stable during the last four generations of seed increase (head-row increases and large drill-strip increases in 2006, Breeder seed increase in 2006, and Foundation seed increase in 2007). It is expected that ND901CL will remain stable in its essential and distinctive characteristics when sexually reproduced. However, some variants can be observed. These variants are limited to (i) taller plants (5–40 cm) that occur at a frequency less than 2 in 1000 plants and (ii) reduced awns or awnless plants at a frequency of less than 2 in 1000 plants. ND901CL's variants are, however, within commercially acceptable limits for all described traits.
Disease Reactions
ND901CL was developed to target the dryland regions of western North Dakota and parts of eastern Montana. Therefore, ND901CL resistances to major pathogens such as rusts and FHB were not warranted. Compared with the major NDSU HRSW cultivars released recently, ND901CL is generally susceptible to FHB and shows some stem rust symptoms under severe disease pressure (Table 2
). The average FHB disease severity (Stack and Frohberg, 2000) recorded on ND901CL from 13 field scab screening tests (52%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the most susceptible check, ‘2398’ (72%). In the same trials, the average FHB severities recorded on Alsen, Glenn, Parshall, Steele-ND, Dapps, and ND 2710 (PI 633976, Frohberg et al., 2004) were 26, 22, 38, 31, 42, and 13%, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions (data not shown), average FHB severity of ND901CL was 57%, significantly (P < 0.05) higher than most severities recorded for the checks except for the susceptible check 2398 (89%).
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Grain Yield Performance and Quality Parameters
Over the 21 location-years (2004–2007) of testing in the PYT, EYT, and HRSW-VT, grain yield of ND901CL (3113 kg ha–1) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the CLEARFIELD check AP603CL (2859 kg ha–1); but equal to Dapps (3211 kg ha–1), Alsen (3123 kg ha–1), and Parshall (3278 kg ha–1) (Table 1). However, the yield of ND901CL was significantly lower than the most recently released NDSU HRSW cultivars Faller (PI 648350; Mergoum et al., 2008) (3557 kg ha–1) and Howard (3517 kg ha–1), as well as other commonly grown cultivars including Glenn (3400kg ha–1), Steele-ND (3487 kg ha–1), and Reeder (3343 kg ha–1).
In the six location-years of testing in the CLEARFIELD Wheat Qualification trials, conducted in 2006 and 2007, ND901CL yielded 2405 kg ha–1, significantly higher than the CLEARFIELD herbicide–resistant check AP603CL (2046 kg ha–1) but equal to AP604CL (2547 kg ha–1) (Table 3 ). In the same trials and under BEYOND herbicide treatment, ND901CL yield (2637 kg ha–1) was significantly higher than AP603CL (2308 kg ha–1) but similar to AP604CL (2589 kg ha–1). In these trials, both AP603CL and AP604CL checks showed some crop injury at 7 to 14 d and 14 to 21 d after spraying, respectively. ND901CL has average 1000 kernel weight (26.2 g), comparable to all checks except AP603CL (23.3 g) (Table 1). Mean grain volume weight of ND901CL (768 kg m–3) over 21 location-years was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Faller (746 kg m–3), less than Glenn (794 kg m–3), but similar to the other checks. The grain protein of ND901CL (160 g kg–1) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Faller (147 g kg–1) and comparable to the rest of checks except Dapps (163 g kg–1). High wheat and flour protein contents are positive factors, which are especially important in blending in commercial mills and their impact on dough strength and baking properties.
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Seed Availability
ND901CL contains a patented herbicide tolerance trait owned by BASF Corporation that confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazamox. Any use of ND901CL requires a Material Transfer Agreement (for research use only) or a Commercial License to the trait, as well as permission from the originator. Breeder seed of ND901CL will be maintained by the Seed Stocks Project, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050. Multiplication and distribution rights of other classes of certified seed have been transferred from NDSU to the NDSU Research Foundation, 1735 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58108-6050. Contact the corresponding author for all seed requests of ND901CL. The corresponding author will forward the request for seed to BASF Corporation. No seed will be distributed without written permission from both BASF Corporation and NDSU Research Foundation. Protection for ND901CL will be applied for under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Act for Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed. A seed sample has been deposited in the USDA–ARS National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation.
Acknowledgments
Financial support from BASF Corporation to incorporate CLEARFIELD tolerance into NDSU HRSW germplasm is gratefully appreciated. The authors thank J. Underdahl, J. Halley, M. Abdallah, and all the colleagues at the NDSU Research and Extension Centers for their help in conducting trials and nurseries to evaluate ND901CL. The authors also acknowledge the quality group including T. Olson, K. McMonagle, Rachel Olson, Amal Mergoum, and B. Hinz for quality analysis.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication August 18, 2008.
References
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