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Rice Research Station, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, 1373 Caffey Rd., Rayne, LA 70578. Research supported in part by the Louisiana Rice Research Board. Approved for publication by the Director of the Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn. as manuscript no. 2009-266-2365
* Corresponding author (sblanche{at}agcenter.lsu.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘Catahoula’ (Reg. No. CV-130, PI 654462), a conventional long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center at the Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA, and approved for release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2007. The population from which Catahoula was derived began as a single cross of RU9502008-A/‘Drew’ that was made in 1997 at the Rice Research Station. The long-grain female RU9502008-A, a sister line to ‘Cocodrie’ first tested in the Uniform Regional Rice Nursery in 1995, is a high-yielding, widely adapted, semidwarf experimental line. Drew is noted for its resistance to most major races of blast disease, caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. Catahoula originated as a selected F2:4 line in 2001. Subsequent testing in preliminary yield trials in 2002 indicated high yield and quality potential and favorable agronomic characteristics. From 2003 to 2007, Catahoula was tested in statewide and multistate yield and performance trials as RU0302082. Catahoula is a high-yielding, blast-resistant, semidwarf cultivar with good milling quality, excellent lodging resistance, and grain quality parameters within the U.S. long-grain market classification.
Abbreviations: CA, commercial-advanced • DOP, date of planting • PY, preliminary yield • URRN, Uniform Regional Rice Nursery
Catahoula' (Reg. No. CV-130, PI 654462), a conventional long-grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center at the Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA, and approved for release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2007. It was approved for commercial release by the director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2007 on the basis of superior agronomic characteristics, including high yield potential, good milling quality, and improved disease resistance. The name Catahoula was chosen for its association with the state of Louisiana, where it was developed and released. Catahoula is a name of one of Louisiana's 64 parishes and of the Louisiana state dog, the Catahoula Cur.
Catahoula originated as an F2:4 line selection from the single cross RU9502008-A/‘Drew’. The long-grain female RU9502008-A, a sister line to ‘Cocodrie’ (Linscombe et al., 2000) first tested in the Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN) in 1995 (Linscombe et al., 1996), is a high-yielding, widely adapted, semidwarf experimental line. Drew (Moldenhauer et al., 1998), a conventional height, long-grain rice cultivar developed by the University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station, is noted for its resistance to most major races of blast disease [Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.].
Methods
Early Generation Population Development
The pedigree breeding method (panicle to row procedure) was used in the development of Catahoula. All population and line advancement was conducted under field conditions at the Rice Research Station near Crowley, LA. The population from which Catahoula was derived began as cross no. 97CR346, a single cross of RU9502008-A/Drew made in 1997. Six plants comprised the F1 generation of Catahoula, initially planted in the greenhouse in February 1998 and transplanted to the field in March, and F2 seed was bulk-harvested in July 1998. The following year, the F2 generation was space-planted in plots with two replications, and one panicle from each individual plant selected was collected. F2 plots were 1.4 by 11.0 m and were drilled-seeded in rows spaced 19 cm apart at a rate of 39 kg ha–1. Approximately 100 individual F2 plant selections were made visually on the basis of yield potential, tillering ability, plant height, maturity, grain shape and size, and resistance to multiple diseases where possible.
Line Development and Evaluation
Succeeding generations were grown at the Rice Research Station as F2:3 panicle rows in 2000 and F2:4 panicle rows in 2001. The F2:3 population from which Catahoula was selected consisted of 95 rows 1.8 m in length and spaced 19 cm apart. In 2001, single-panicle row no. 0116926 was selected based on yield potential, grain characteristics, degree of tillering, plant height, disease resistance, and plant type uniformity. Ten panicles were hand-harvested from row no. 0116926 to provide seed for increase purposes and the remaining panicles were hand-harvested, dried to approximately 120 g kg–1 moisture content, and threshed with a thresher (Almaco, Nevada, IA). Further testing in the laboratory included an evaluation of seedling vigor under cool conditions and grain size, shape, and quality parameters (Table 1
).
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180 g kg–1) to evaluate the milling characteristics of all lines without a maturity bias. All seven rows were combine-harvested at maturity and the weight of the milling sample was included in the plot yield. A randomized complete block design with two or three replications was used for all yield trials. In all yield trials, seed was dry-seeded with a drill at a rate of 103 kg ha–1. All cultivars in the date of planting study were water-seeded and sown at a rate of 161 kg ha–1. On the basis of its short stature, early maturity, high yield potential, good milling yield, and other desirable agronomic and grain quality characteristics, Catahoula was entered in the URRN trial as entry RU0302082. In the 2003 and 2004 URRN trials, it was tested as entry 082, and in the 2005, 2006, and 2007 URRN trials, it was tested as entry 045. The URRN trial is conducted to evaluate the stability and area of adaptation of experimental lines in Gulf- and mid-South environments. Catahoula was concurrently tested in the commercial-advanced (CA) yield trials, multilocation trials representing the major rice-growing regions in Louisiana, as entry 229 in 2003; 228 in 2004, 2005, and 2006; and 218 in 2007. Research methods used in the URRN and CA yield trials are similar to the PY trials except that the URRN was conducted at research locations in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas, and the CA was conducted at five to nine on-farm locations that represent major rice-growing regions in Louisiana. A randomized complete block design with two or three replications was used for the URRN and CA trials. Catahoula was included in the 2005 to 2007 date-of-planting (DOP) studies, in which commercial cultivars and experimental lines are seeded at seven different dates beginning before and terminating after the recommended seeding dates. Data collected from yield trials included date of emergence, seedling vigor, days to 50% heading (maturity), plant height, lodging percentage, grain yield of the main crop, grain yield of the ratoon crop where possible, whole and total milled rice yields, and resistance to multiple diseases.
Seed Purification and Increase
The purification of Catahoula was accomplished throughout the various phases of the breeding process beginning with its entry into the PY trials in 2002. An increase plot consisting of 13 rows 1.8 m in length with 19 cm spacing was sown for each entry in the preliminary, URRN, and CA yield trials. Increase plots were rogued for off-types, and rows that were uniform for growth habit and maturity were harvested for further evaluations. In 2006, 1000 rows (1.8 m in length) of headrow seed (F2:11) were planted at the rice winter nursery near Lajas, Puerto Rico, and 100 kg of Breeder seed were harvested. The Breeder and Foundation seed (F2:12) was then planted at the Rice Research Station on 7.8 ha. Breeder and Foundation plants were rogued for off-types based on growth habit, plant height, degree of pubescence, grain shape, and leaf color.
Statistical Analyses
Grain yield and whole and total milled rice yields of Catahoula, Cocodrie, and Cheniere in the PY, URRN, CA, and DOP trials from 2002 to 2007 were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure in the SAS System v. 9.0 (SAS Institute, 2002). Catahoula was not in all trials in all years (Table 2
). Analyses of variance were performed across locations within a test and year and across all years, tests, and locations for a combined analysis at the 
= 0.05 probability level. Mean separation was conducted with Fischer's protected least significant difference test.
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Agronomic and Botanical Description
Similar to Cheniere and Cocodrie, Catahoula has a semidwarf growth habit and is considered resistant to lodging. Mean plant height for Catahoula was 94 cm compared with 91 cm for both Cheniere and Cocodrie in 72 trials from 2002 to 2007. Catahoula matures earlier than Cheniere and is similar in maturity to Cocodrie. In 72 trials from 2002 to 2007, Catahoula and Cocodrie reached 50% heading in 82 d while Cheniere reached 50% heading in 84 d (data not shown).
Plants of Catahoula are similar in appearance to Cocodrie and Cheniere and have erect culms and glabrous lemma, palea, and leaf blades. The lemma and palea are straw colored. The apiculus of Catahoula is light purple at heading but fades to colorless as the grain approaches harvest maturity. The flag leaf orientation of Catahoula is intermediate between Cheniere and Cocodrie and is semi-erect, whereas the flag leaf of Cheniere is fully erect and protrudes from the panicle canopy and the flag leaf of Cocodrie is descending and lies within the panicle canopy.
The variants that may be found in the release include plants that are: taller, shorter, earlier or later in maturity, pubescent, and awn-bearing under some environmental conditions. Variation in grain dimensions may exist as longer, shorter, thicker, or thinner grains. The total variants numbered less than 1 per 5000 plants.
Grain Description and Chemical Composition
Rice quality parameters indicate that Catahoula has typical U.S. long-grain rice cooking-quality characteristics (Webb et al., 1985). Catahoula is nonglutinous, nonaromatic, and covered by a light brown pericarp. Data provided by the USDA–ARS Rice Quality Research Laboratory (Beaumont, TX) indicate that Catahoula has an average apparent starch amylose content of 220 g kg–1, typical for a southern U.S. long-grain (Table 1). In comparison, Cheniere and Cocodrie are classified as an extra-high amylose cooking type and each has an apparent starch amylose content of 248 g kg–1. An intermediate gelatinization temperature (70–75°C), as indicated by an average alkali (17 g kg–1 KOH) spreading reaction of 3 to 5, is common for Catahoula, Cheniere, and Cocodrie. Rough, brown, and milled rice kernel dimensions of Catahoula are similar to commercial U.S. long-grain cultivars. Brown rice dimensions for Catahoula were 7.09 mm length, 2.26 mm width, 1.74 mm thickness, 3.14 length/width ratio, and 21.31 g kernel weight compared with 7.08 mm, 2.23 mm, 1.69 mm, 3.17, and 21.13 g for Cocodrie and 7.24 mm, 2.16 mm, 1.62 mm, 3.35, and 19.49 g for Cheniere (Table 1).
Disease Resistance
Similar to most commercial U.S. long-grain cultivars, Catahoula is susceptible to sheath blight (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn). It is rated a 6.8, which is more similar to Cheniere than to Cocodrie, rated 6.5 and 7.7, respectively. All disease ratings are on a disease scale of 0 = immune, 9 = highly susceptible. Catahoula has a higher level of resistance to the current leaf and rotten neck blast races in Louisiana than Cheniere or Cocodrie, likely because of the presence of Drew in its parentage, which is highly resistant to blast. Leaf and rotten neck blast disease ratings are 1.8 and 1.7 for Catahoula, 4.2 and 4.9 for Cheniere, and 2.3 and 4.7 for Cocodrie, respectively. Catahoula is rated 4.8 for bacterial panicle blight (caused by Burkholderia spp.), compared with 5.1 and 6.1 for Cheniere and Cocodrie, respectively. Resistance to narrow brown leaf spot disease [Cercospora janseana (Racib.) O. Const.] is evidenced by a 1.4 rating; Cheniere and Cocodrie are rated 2.7 and 2.2, respectively. Catahoula, Cheniere, and Cocodrie are moderately susceptible to leaf smut [caused by Entyloma oryzae (Syd. & P. Syd.)], rated 2.4, 3.3, and 2.1, respectively. Brown spot (caused by Bipolaris oryzae) ratings are 2.4, 1.0, and 2.0 for Catahoula, Cheniere, and Cocodrie, respectively. Catahoula is moderately susceptible to the physiological disorder straighthead and is rated 4.0, which is intermediate between Cheniere (3.7) and Cocodrie (5.0).
Field Performance
Catahoula has demonstrated excellent yield potential and good milling yields in a large number of intra- and multistate performance trials. All yield estimates are reported at 120 g kg–1 moisture. In 72 statewide and regional yield trials from 2002 to 2007, the average grain yield of Catahoula was 8.03 Mg ha–1, compared with 7.76 and 7.88 Mg ha–1 for Cheniere and Cocodrie, respectively (Table 2). In the annual DOP trials, grain yield of Catahoula was significantly greater than the check in 2 out of 3 yr (Table 2). This suggests that Catahoula is adapted to a wider range of planting conditions and dates. Average milling yields (ratio of whole kernel to total milled rice g kg–1:g kg–1) in 52 statewide and regional tests were 625:709 (62.5%:70.9%) for Catahoula compared with 628:700 (62.8%:70.0%) and 619:692 (61.9%:69.2%) for Cheniere and Cocodrie, respectively (Table 2).
Availability
A utility patent for U.S. plant variety protection of Catahoula has been applied for at the United States Patent Office. Breeder and Foundation seed of Catahoula will be maintained by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Rice Research Station, 1373 Caffey Road, Rayne, LA 70578. Limited quantities of seed for research purposes are available on request from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Louisiana rice producers and the Louisiana Rice Research Board for funding provided for the development of Catahoula and other cultivars. The research staff at the Rice Research Station was integral to these efforts, and their dedication to excellence is appreciated.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication November 26, 2008.
References
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for rice cultivars Catahoula, Cheniere, and Cocodrie.