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Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 5030 50th Street, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1W8, Canada
* Corresponding author (patricia.juskiw{at}gov.ab.ca).
ABSTRACT
‘Bentley’ (Reg. No. CV-342, PI 655071; CFIA Reg. No. 6489, Canadian PBR Appl. No. 08-6331) is a two-rowed, hulled, spring malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC), Lacombe, AB, Canada. Bentley was tested in FCDC trials as H93103004 from 2000 to 2004 and in Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley trials as TR05669 and FB414 during 2005, 2006, and 2007. It was registered for production in western Canada due to its high yields for both grain and biomass, good agronomic performance, and good grain quality traits especially for malting. Bentley is resistant to the spot form of net blotch (caused by Pyrenophora teres forma maculate Smedge) and moderately resistant to the surface-borne smuts (caused by Ustilago spp.) and spot blotch [caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechs. ex Dastur].
Abbreviations: AAFC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada • CDC, Crop Development Centre • CIMMYT, International Wheat and Maize Improvement Centre • FCDC, Field Crop Development Centre • FHB, Fusarium head blight • ICARDA, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas • NIRS, near infrared spectroscopy • PRCOB, Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley
‘Bentley’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Reg. No. CV-342, PI 655071; CFIA Reg. No. 6489, Canadian PBR Appl. No. 08-6331) is a two-rowed, hulled, spring malting barley developed by the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC). It was tested in Canada as TR05669 in the 2005 and 2006 Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests and the 2006 and 2007 Western Collaborative Barley Tests run under the auspices of the Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley (PRCOB). It was tested as FB414 in the 2005 and 2006 Western Cooperative Forage Barley Registration Tests also run under the PRCOB. It was supported for registration in Canada by the PRCOB in February 2008, and registered in Canada as Bentley by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency on 25 July 2008.
Bentley is derived from the cross I92125/TR229. I92125 was an introduction to FCDC from the North Dakota State University two-rowed barley breeding program of Jerry Franckowiak and was the line C2-89-86, a selection from the cross ND10419/ND11231. ND10419 was a selection from the cross ‘Harrington’//ND4758/M37/3/‘Bowman’/4/ND5835//ND4046/ND2199/3/Bowman. ND11231 was a selection from the cross ND7556//ND7085/Bowman sib. Harrington was developed by Harvey and Rossnagel (1984). Bowman was developed by Franckowiak et al. (1985). TR229 was developed from the cross ‘AC Oxbow’/‘Manley’ (TR226/TR490) tested in the 1990, 1991, and 1992 Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests and supported for interim registration in Canada in 1993. AC Oxbow (TR226) was developed by D. Metcalfe and B. Legge, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), from a cross of TR233/WPG8020//WPG823/TR222 and was tested in the 1987, 1988, and 1989 Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests and supported for interim registration in Canada in 1990 and full registration in 1994 (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2008). Manley (TR490) was developed by B. Harvey and B. Rossnagel (University of Saskatchewan Crop Development Centre) from a cross of ‘Norbert’/MT54-7143 and was tested in the 1984, 1985, and 1986 Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests and supported for interim registration in Canada in 1987 and full registration in 1991 (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2008).
Methods
The original cross for Bentley was made in 1993. The F2 to F6 bulks were grown in the field at Lacombe, AB, from 1994 to 1998. The bulks were modified by spreading disease-infested straw [scald-susceptible cultivars were grown in the field in the previous year, inoculated with isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis, and straw was harvested before seed set] and then screening the harvested seed over a gravity table to preserve the heavier seed with the speculation that those genotypes within the bulk with better resistance would produce more and heavier seed. Two-hundred heads were selected from the 1998 bulk F6 and grown out as individual F7 head rows at Lacombe in 1999. The head row from which Bentley was developed was selected from this population. In 2000, this line was designated as H93103004 and tested in a nonreplicated yield plot at Lacombe.
From 2001 to 2003, H93103004 was tested in replicated multisite field tests throughout Alberta. In 2004, H93103004 was tested in yield tests across western Canada. Yield, test weight, kernel weight, percent plump, days to anthesis, days to maturity, height, and lodging of this line were evaluated in these tests. Data from FCDC trials were analyzed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Field trial data was analyzed using Proc ANOVA of SAS. Each location was analyzed separately and kept as valid if test coefficient of variation for yield was less than 15%. These data were stored in the Field Crop Dataminer, a customized system for data analyses based on SAS software.
For field assessment of disease resistance using inoculated spreader rows, H93103004 was sent to AAFC–Brandon for assessment of Fusarium head blight (FHB, predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telemorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]), net blotch (caused by Pyrenophora spp.), and spot blotch [caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechs. ex Dastur]. It was sent to University of Saskatchewan Crop Development Centre–Saskatoon for field assessment of net blotch, spot blotch, and smut (caused by Ustilago spp)]. At AAFC–Lacombe, it was assessed for scald and smut. Scald assessments were done in the AAFC–Lacombe inoculated field nursery. Smut assessment was done by field inoculation using the vacuum technique developed by Wolfe (1975) with grow out of inoculated heads in the growth rooms during the following winter. At the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)–International Wheat and Maize Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico, H93103004 was assessed in field nurseries for scald, leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei G. Otth.), stripe rust (caused by P. striiformis Westend, f.sp. hordei Eriks.), and FHB.
Using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 65000 (FOSS NIRSystems, Inc. Laurel, MD) and calibrations developed by Helm (2006), Helm et al. (2000, 2003b), and Temelli and Helm (1999), H93103004 was assessed for grain-quality traits of protein, protein digestibility, energy digestibility, digestible energy, lysine, starch, beta-glucan, pentosan, lipid, total fiber, soluble fiber, grain color, pearl color, and pearl rating. Also based on NIRS calibrations developed by Helm (2006) and Oatway and Helm (2002), its malt-quality traits of total protein, malt extract, diastatic power, alpha amylase, beta-glucan, friability, viscosity, soluble protein, and homogeneity were assessed. In 2003, samples from Calmar and Trochu, AB, and in 2004, samples from Lacombe, Olds and Trochu, AB, were micromalted by Canada Malting, Calgary, AB, and assessed for protein, extract, color, total and soluble malt protein, viscosity, friability, diastatic power, alpha-amylase, wort beta-glucan, and pH.
H93103004 was tested for water use efficiency based on grain and biomass production per unit of water applied. Assessments were made by growing plants in pots under a rain-out shelter during the summer time with limited application of water. The experimental design was three replicates of a randomized plot design. Five plants of the line were grown per pot, and each pot was considered a plot. At maturity, plants were harvested, dried and weighed for biomass measurement, and then threshed for grain yield. Data were analyzed using Proc GLM of SAS. Assessments were made on a yearly basis from 2003 to 2008; however, the 2005 and 2006 data were discarded due to damage to the trials.
For determination of silage potential, dry matter whole-plant samples were harvested at the soft-dough stage using a small plot silage harvester, subsamples were dried, and biomass yield and quality were determined. Protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber traits were measured by wet chemistry at Parkland Laboratories, Red Deer, AB.
Based on these multiyear, multisite data, H93103004 was entered into the Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests as TR05669 and the Western Cooperative Forage Barley Registration Tests as FB414. Based on its malting quality in the 2005 Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Test, TR05669 was entered into the 2006 and 2007 Western Collaborative Barley Tests (see Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley, 2008, for the protocols for the running of the PRCOB Cooperative trials). Statistical analyses of these trials were done at the discretion of the test coordinator or evaluation team. Least significant differences at 
= 0.05 were determined by the test coordinator based on their experimental design or calculated based on standard errors of the means provided with the trial results.
Characteristics
Unique Characteristics of Bentley
In the PRCOB Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests in 2005 and 2006, Bentley had higher yields than the malting check cultivars Harrington, ‘AC Metcalfe’ (Legge et al., 2003), and ‘CDC Kendall’ (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2008), with yields 111% of AC Metcalfe in these 2 yr (Table 1
). Days to heading for Bentley were similar to ‘Xena’ (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2008) and Harrington and slightly earlier than AC Metcalfe and CDC Kendall. Although its maturity was slightly later than the malting checks, it was similar to the feed check Xena. While taller than the check cultivars, Bentley's lodging score (1–9 scale) was lower than the malting checks, although not always significantly so, and was similar to the score for the feed check Xena. Average test weight for Bentley was 64.4 kg hL–1 and was very comparable across the 2 yr of testing. This weight was similar to the malting checks CDC Kendall and AC Metcalfe in 2005 but slightly lower than them in 2006. With an average kernel weight of 48 mg, Bentley had a heavier kernel than the malting check cultivars. Bentley had an average kernel plumpness of 92%, no different from the malting check CDC Kendall but higher than for Harrington and AC Metcalfe.
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The Barley Quality Evaluation Team of the PRCOB rated Bentley as having good barley plumpness, kernel weight, and barley protein. In malt-quality evaluations (test sites of the Western Cooperative Two-Row Barley Registration Tests selected based on good malting quality of the check cultivars), Bentley had good percentage plump and high kernel weights (Table 3 ). Bentley was rated as having reasonable extract, protein modification, and friability. Malt traits of fine extract, soluble protein, ratio of soluble to total protein, alpha-amylase, beta-glucan, viscosity, friability and percentage peeled for Bentley were similar to the malting checks (Table 3). Bentley had lower diastatic power than CDC Kendall, but its diastatic power was similar to Harrington and AC Metcalfe. In the 2 yr (2006 and 2007) that it was tested in the Western Collaborative Barley Tests (Table 4 ), malting-quality traits for Bentley generally fell within the range of the two-rowed malting check cultivars, Harrington, AC Metcalfe, CDC Kendall, and ‘CDC Copeland’ (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2008). As check cultivars changed from Harrington and CDC Kendall in 2006 to CDC Copeland in 2007, multiyear comparisons with these cultivars were not available. In 2006, Bentley had lower diastatic power than AC Metcalfe and CDC Kendall (Table 4). Although its diastatic power was not significantly different than the two check cultivars in 2007, its 2-yr mean for diastatic power was lower than for AC Metcalfe. In 2007, Bentley had higher fine extract than AC Metcalfe, but over the 2 yr, this was not significant. While no differences were found on a yearly basis for grain protein or malt protein between Bentley and AC Metcalfe, when averaged over the 2 yr, grain protein for Bentley was lower than for AC Metcalfe (Table 4).
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In 2000, 200 heads were selected from the yield test plot, and these formed the basis of the purification increases that were run for removal of variants and to compile detailed descriptions. Each year, 200 heads were selected to type, threshed, and grown out as a bulk increase plot in the next year until 2004, when 200 heads were grown out as individual head rows. Heads were picked from each row to provide the source for the prebreeder headrow nursery that was grown in 2005. All off-type rows were discarded. One hundred ninety-seven F13 breeders head rows and plots were grown out in 2006 and bulked to form the Breeder seed. Breeder seed of Bentley will be maintained by the Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada. Application for variety protection has been made for Bentley. Before termination of plant breeder's rights or 20 years from deposit in the National Plant Germplasm System, all seed requests should be sent to the corresponding author. Seed deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System will be available for research purposes after plant breeder's rights are terminated or 20 years. Where this cultivar is used as germplasm in the development of new cultivars, it is requested that recognition be made of its use. Commercial seed distribution rights of Bentley were granted to Canterra Seeds, Suite 201 1475 Chevrier Blvd., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 1Y7; Tel: (204) 988-9750; Fax: (204) 487-7682; http://www.canterra.com/home/.
Acknowledgments
Funding of the two-rowed malting barley breeding program by the Alberta Barley Commission and Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development is gratefully acknowledged. The technical assistance of Susan Lajeunesse, John Bowness, Donna Westling, Lori Oatway, and Timothy Duggan in the development of this cultivar was greatly appreciated. Acknowledgment is also made of the contribution of the late Manuel Cortez in making the original cross, and Drs. Kelly Turkington and Kequan Xi in disease evaluations. The critical reviews of the manuscript by Drs. Mary Lou Swift and Kequan Xi were greatly appreciated. Special thanks is given to Ross Hutchinson for providing the name for Bentley, in honor of Dr. C.F. (Fred) Bentley (1914–2008), an Albertan agrologist who made a significant contribution to agriculture in Canada and to the international "Green Revolution" (http://www.lieutenantgovernor.ab.ca/aoe/bentley.cfm).
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication October 31, 2008.
References
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