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CULTIVARS

Registration of ‘Riveland’ Lentil

USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 646434, Pullman, WA, 99164-6434

^* Corresponding author (kevin.mcphee{at}ndsu.edu).

ABSTRACT

‘Riveland’ (Reg. No. CV-32, PI 649919) lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was released by the USDA-ARS (Pullman, WA) in cooperation with Washington State University Agricultural Research Center, University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station in June 2007. Riveland was released on the basis of exceptionally large seed size, broad adaptation to U.S. production zones, excellent seed quality, and high yield potential. Riveland was named after Neil Riveland, agronomist, North Dakota State University, Williston Research Extension Center, Williston, ND. Riveland was selected as an F₅ plant row in 1998. It originated from the cross ‘Laird’/VW000412 (cross number X95L073) made by F.J. Muehlbauer in 1995. Laird is a large-seeded yellow-cotyledon cultivar developed in Canada by A.E. Slinkard, and VW000412 is a large-seeded breeding line developed by V.E. Wilson, a USDA-ARS agronomist at Pullman (retired).

Abbreviations: PENV, pea enation mosaic virus • PHI, plant height index

Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) have been produced in the United States since 1937 (Youngman, 1967), with the area of production increasing from approximately 32,000 ha in the late 1960s to over 125,000 ha in 2007. Much of the increase over the past 10 yr has occurred in the Midwest region, including western North Dakota and eastern Montana. Large-seeded green lentils are marketed worldwide and are consumed primarily in soup preparations. Although they are referred to as green lentils, they have yellow cotyledons, and only the seed coat is green. Key quality criteria for large-green lentils include large (>5.5 mm diameter) seed size and a bright green seed coat color that does not fade or darken during storage. Tannins present in the seed coat oxidize and turn a dirty brown often resulting in a seed sample of mixed coloration that is not appealing to consumers. When the discolored seed are cooked, the soak water turns an unappetizing dirty brown. Recent breeding efforts have selected for durable green seed coats that do not fade or change color over time.

Agronomic constraints include harvestability, relatively low seed yield, and susceptibility to diseases. Recent progress in breeding has increased overall vine length and improved plant architecture such that plants are more erect at harvest. This allows growers to harvest the crop directly without swathing and reduces the number of dirt clods, sticks, stones, and other foreign matter to passing through the combine, which cause reduced crop quality and potential damage to the combine.

‘Riveland’ (Reg. No. CV-32, PI 649919) promises to provide the U.S. lentil industry with a high-quality, broadly adapted cultivar that will meet the needs of growers and processors and has good prospects for acceptance in international markets. Riveland was tested as selection LC860616L and released by the USDA-ARS (Pullman, WA) in cooperation with Washington State University Agricultural Research Center, University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station on 15 June 2007. It was released on the basis of its exceptionally large seed size, broad adaptation to production zones in the United States and high yield potential. Riveland was named after Neil Riveland, agronomist at the North Dakota State University Williston Research Extension Center, Williston, ND. He is an avid supporter of the recently developed lentil industry in North Dakota.

Riveland originated as an F₅ selection made in 1998 from the cross of ‘Laird’/VW000412 (cross number X95L073) made by F.J. Muehlbauer in 1995. Laird is a large-seeded, yellow-cotyledon cultivar developed in Canada by A.E. Slinkard, and VW000412 is a large-seeded breeding line developed by V.E. Wilson, a USDA-ARS agronomist at Pullman (retired).

Methods

Early Generation Population Development
Riveland was developed using a modified bulk-pedigree procedure. The cross was made in the greenhouse in 1995, and the F₁ was grown in the greenhouse in 1995. The F₂ through F₄ bulk populations were grown in the field from 1995 to 1997. Harvested seed from each bulk was cleaned and sized using a floor model clipper fit with a 24/64 round-holed top screen and a 16/64 round-holed bottom screen to remove foreign material and inferior seed. Single seeds from the F₄ bulk were grown in the greenhouse during winter 1997–1998. Single plant rows of selected plants were grown in the field in 1998. Plot number 616 was selected for high biomass production and large seed size, assigned selection number LC860616L and increased in a two-row single replication nursery in 1999. Riveland was grown in a nonreplicated observation trial in 2000 at the Washington State University Spillman Research Farm near Pullman and in multilocation replicated trials from 2001 to 2006. Riveland was first entered in the Western Regional Yield Trial in 2004 and tested in Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming. All Western Regional Yield Trials were conducted using a randomized complete block design with three or four replications depending on the location of testing and the cooperator. The trials were managed and the data analyzed by the individual state cooperators. Control entries for comparison were ‘Pennell’ and ‘Merrit’, two recently released large-green lentils that are established as industry standards (Muehlbauer and McPhee, 2004a,b).

Disease Evaluations
Field trials to evaluate lentil breeding lines for resistance to pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) were conducted at Corvallis, OR, in cooperation with Dr. James R. Myers. Single rows 3 m long containing approximately 80 seeds were planted for each test entry. Natural infection with PEMV was possible with annual aphid flights. Individual entries were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 = no visible symptoms and 5 = all plants severely affected.

Field trials to evaluate lentil breeding lines for reaction to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches Trow. were conducted at the Washington State University Spillman Research Farm. Single rows, 1.6 m long, containing approximately 40 seeds were planted in a dedicated field plot infested with the pathogen. The plot area was irrigated regularly by overhead sprinklers to maintain a moist soil environment to promote pathogen growth and disease development. Individual lines were scored at early bloom for disease development on the basis of aboveground symptoms, that is, progressive yellowing beginning at the lower nodes. Entries were scored on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 = no visible yellowing and 5 = plant death.

Seed Purification and Increase
Breeder seed of Riveland was developed by selecting 250 single plants from a drill strip sown in 2004. Individual plants were threshed and the seed inspected to verify true-to-type characters and uniformity. Single plant progeny rows were sown in the 2005 field season and harvested in bulk following visual inspection for uniformity of growth characters. An additional seed increase was grown in 2006 on approximately 0.6 ha at the Washington State University Spillman Research Farm.

Statistical Analyses
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Agrobase Generation II (Agronomix Software, Inc., Winnepeg, MB, Canada). Seed yield was analyzed using a nearest neighbor experimental design, while all other morphological and quality data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design.

Characteristics

Agronomic and Botanical Description
Riveland is a large-seeded green lentil and is similar to Pennell and Merrit, released in 2003 (Muehlbauer and McPhee, 2004a,b). Agronomic data collected at the Pullman, WA, location is summarized in Table 1 . Riveland is an upright lentil and with vine length reaching 39 cm, compared to 34 and 35 cm for Pennell and Merrit, respectively. Average plant height index (PHI), calculated as the ratio of canopy height at harvest to overall vine length, for Riveland was 0.85, where PHI = 0.0 indicates severe lodging and PHI = 1.0 indicates perfectly upright plant stature. Plant height indices for Pennell and Merrit were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Riveland bears two pods per peduncle and flowers an average of 58 d after planting, compared with 61 and 56 d for Pennell and Merrit, respectively. Riveland matures in 98 d, while Pennell and Merrit mature in 98 and 97 d, respectively.

Field Performance
Riveland was yield tested in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, and North Dakota, for a total of 47 site-years from 2000 to 2006. When averaged over site years, Riveland was similar in yield to the Pennell and Merrit checks (Table 2 ). Riveland produced yields ranging from 175 kg ha^–1 at Hettinger, ND, in 2006 to 2980 kg ha^–1 at Moscow, ID, in 2004. Yields of Merrit and Pennell were similar in all yield evaluations except Farmington, WA, in 2001. At sites in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho, Riveland was slightly higher yielding compared with the checks. Seed size of Riveland is significantly larger than Pennell (6.7 g 100 seed^–1), the most similar variety, and averages 7.3 g 100 seed^–1 (Table 1). Riveland seeds are significantly larger than seeds of Merrit and are light green with yellow cotyledons and lack seed coat mottling. The large seed size, absence of seed coat mottling, and comparable or better yields are the primary reasons for the release of Riveland.

Riveland breeder seed will be maintained by the Washington State Crop Improvement Association. Foundation seed will be available from the Washington State Crop Improvement Association, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164.

Genetic material of this release will be deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System where it will be available for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. Plant variety protection will not be pursued for this variety.

It is requested that appropriate recognition be made if this germplasm contributes to the development of a new breeding line or cultivar.

Acknowledgments

Riveland was developed with financial support from the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, Project 4788. Field testing sites and data collection as part of the Western Regional Yield Trial Program were kindly provided by Montana State University, North Dakota State University, University of Idaho, South Dakota State University, University of Nebraska, and University of Wyoming.

Footnotes

All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.

Received for publication May 8, 2008.

References

• Muehlbauer, F.J. 2002. Registration of ‘Mason’ lentil. Crop Sci. 42:301–302.[Free Full Text]
• Muehlbauer, F.J., and K.E. McPhee. 2004a. Registration of ‘Merrit’ lentil. Crop Sci. 44:1487.[Free Full Text]
• Muehlbauer, F.J., and K.E. McPhee. 2004b. Registration of ‘Pennell’ lentil. Crop Sci. 44:1488.[Free Full Text]
• Youngman, V.E. 1967. Lentil: A pulse of the Palouse. Econ. Bot. 22:135–139.

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