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a USDA-ARS Sugarcane Field Station, 12990 US Hwy. 441 N., Canal Point, FL 33438
b Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., P.O. Box 1208, Clewiston, FL 33440
c Univ. of Florida, Everglades Research and Education Center, 3200 East Palm Beach Road, Belle Glade, FL 33430. Mention of trade names or commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by USDA, the University of Florida, or the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc
* Corresponding author (Barry.Glaz{at}ars.usda.gov).
ABSTRACT
‘CP 00-1446’ (Reg. No CV-133, PI 654092) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA-ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., and was released to growers in Florida in September 2007. CP 00-1446 was selected from a cross of genotypes CP 93-1607 x CP 91-1150 made at Canal Point, FL, in January 1998. The female and male parents were advanced to the penultimate selection stage (Stage 3) and the final stage (Stage 4), respectively, of the Canal Point sugarcane cultivar breeding and selection program. CP 00-1446 was released and recommended for sand soils in Florida because of its high plant cane and acceptable ratoon per hectare yields of cane and sucrose and commercial recoverable sucrose on sand soils, and its acceptable disease reactions to smut [caused by Ustilago scitaminea (Sydow & P. Sydow)] (moderately susceptible), brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala H. & P. Sydow) (moderately resistant), orange rust (caused by Puccinia kuehnii E.J. Butler) (moderately resistant), leaf scald (caused by Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby, Dowson) (resistant), Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic) (moderately susceptible), and ratoon stunting disease (caused by Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli Davis) (resistant) in Florida.
Abbreviations: CP, Canal Point • CP program, Canal Point sugarcane cultivar breeding and selection program • CRS, commercial recoverable sucrose • RSD, ratoon stunting disease
‘CP 00-1446’ (Reg. No. CV-133, PI 654092) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.), a product of a long-term recurrent selection program conducted through cooperative research of the USDA-ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., was released in Florida in September 2007. Modern sugarcane cultivars, such as CP 00-1446, are allopolyploid (with aneuploidy) hybrids that can be traced back to 17 founder clones (Deren, 1995). These founders were used in S. officinarum x S. spontaneum crosses, and the F1 hybrids were backcrossed to S. officinarum to recover high sucrose content (Roach, 1972; Sreenivasan et al., 1987).
Edmé et al. (2005) determined that through genetic improvements achieved by the Canal Point sugarcane cultivar breeding and selection program (CP program), long-term sugarcane yields in Florida had increased significantly. However, yields had not improved on the sand soils on which about 20% of Florida's sugarcane was grown. The CP program has begun conducting research aimed at improving genotype selection for these sand soils (Glaz and Kang, 2008). CP 00-1446 was released because of its high plant cane and acceptable ratoon per hectare yields of cane and sucrose and commercial recoverable sucrose (CRS) on sand soils, and it is recommended only for the 20% of Florida sugarcane grown on these soils.
CP 00-1446 was also released because it had acceptable disease reactions to smut [caused by Ustilago scitaminea (Sydow & P. Sydow)] (moderately susceptible), brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala H.&P. Sydow) (moderately resistant), orange rust (caused by Puccinia kuehnii E.J. Butler) (moderately resistant), leaf scald (caused by Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby, Dowson) (resistant), Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic) (moderately susceptible), and ratoon stunting disease (RSD) (caused by Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli Davis) (resistant) in Florida. The name CP 00-1446 was assigned according to routine Canal Point naming protocol. The name indicates assignment in year 2000 (CP 00) as the 446th selection in the first clonal selection stage which contained about 15,000 genotypes. Selection numbers <1000, 1000 to 2999, and >3000 are reserved for genotypes resulting from CP seed that are selected in Louisiana, Florida, and Texas, respectively.
CP 00-1446 was selected from the cross CP 93-1607 x CP 91-1150 made at Canal Point, FL in January 1998. The female parent, CP 93-1607, was advanced to Stage 3 of the CP program. The male parent, CP 91-1150, was advanced to Stage 4, the final testing stage of the CP program, and considered for release due to high yields in the plant-cane crop on sand soils, but not released due to low ratoon-crop yields on sand soils. The pedigree of CP 00-1446 includes CP genotypes and CL genotypes developed by a private breeding program of the United States Sugar Corporation that was located in Clewiston, FL. Among the genotypes in the pedigree, four were the most widely planted cultivars for at least 1 yr in Florida. These included ‘CP 80-1827’ (Glaz et al., 1990), a grandparent; great grandparents ‘CP 72-2086’ (Miller et al., 1984) and ‘CP 70-1133’ (Rice et al., 1978); and ‘CP 63-588’ (Rice et al., 1969), a great-great grandparent. Cultivar CP 70-1133 was widely used on sand soils in Florida before it became susceptible to brown rust. Also, ‘CP 57-603’ (Dunckelman et al., 1969), which was a minor cultivar in Florida but widely planted in Colombia and also used in other countries, is a great-great-great grandparent of CP 00-1446.
Methods
Early Selection Stages
CP 00-1446 was selected through standard selection procedures of the CP program (Table 1
). The cross (X97-0594) between CP 93-1607 and CP 91-1150 was made at Canal Point in January 1998. The F1 seeds were planted in flats in a greenhouse early in 1999 and were transplanted in May 1999 to the field at Canal Point with approximately 100,000 genotypes in the seedling stage. From this stage on, the CP program propagates genotypes clonally. The first clonal selection of CP 00-1446 occurred in the seedling stage when it was advanced to Stage 1 in January 2000 with about 15,000 other unreplicated selections. Stage-1 plots were one row 0.5 m long and were separated by 0.5-m alleys. Row spacing in Stage 1 and in all subsequent selection stages was 1.5 m. Selections in seedling stage and Stage 1 were made on the basis of visual assessments of vigor and resistance to brown rust, smut, and leaf scald by natural infection.
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Selections in Stage 2 were also based on estimated yields for genotypes that had acceptable visual ratings. Stalks were counted in Stage 2 in July and August 2001. In October 2001, 10-stalk samples were collected from each plot and weighed. Cane yield was estimated as the product of stalk weight by stalk number. All stalk samples were milled to extract juice and determine theoretical recoverable sucrose, which was calculated as described by Legendre (1992). Fiber in this formula was estimated as 10% for all genotypes in Stages 2 and 3 and estimated as described below in Stage 4. All theoretical recoverable sucrose values were multiplied by 0.86 to approximate CRS. Similarly, Legendre (1992) reported the calculation of a liquidation factor (ranging from 0.83 to 0.90) that was used by commercial mills in Louisiana to convert theoretical recoverable sucrose to CRS. Theoretical economic index (profitability) was calculated using a procedure that integrates sucrose content with costs of harvesting, hauling, and milling the cane (Deren et al., 1995).
The major selection criteria based on yields in Stage 2 (and later in Stages 3 and 4) were profitability, and production of sucrose. Sucrose yield (Mg ha–1) was calculated as
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Yield Trials in Commercial Fields
From Stage 2, 135 genotypes were advanced to Stage 3 in November–December 2001. Stage-3 genotypes and two reference cultivars (CP 70-1133 and CP 72-2086) were planted in yield trials in commercial fields at four grower farms representative of the Florida sugarcane industry. Farms A. Duda&Sons', Inc., Okeelanta Corporation, and Sugar Farms Cooperative North–Osceola Region had organic (muck) soils, and Hilliard Brothers' of Florida, Ltd., had a sand soil. Each Stage-3 trial had two replications of genotypes planted in a randomized complete block design in plots with two rows 4.5 m long. Plots were arranged in tiers containing 10 plots; these tiers were five plots wide and two plots long with each section of five plots separated by a 1.5-m alley. Adjacent tiers were separated from each other by a 6.0-m alley. Data were collected in the plant-cane (October 2002) and first-ratoon (October 2003) crops. Estimates of cane and sucrose yields and profitability were determined as described for Stage 2. On the basis of its per hectare cane and sucrose yields, profitability, and acceptable reactions to brown rust, leaf scald, mosaic, and smut, CP 00-1446 was among 14 genotypes advanced from Stage 3 to Stage 4 in November 2003.
The 14 Stage-4 genotypes, including CP 00-1446, were planted in yield trials within commercial fields at nine grower farms in November–December 2003 and at two additional farms in August and November 2004. These included five trials at the same four farms used for Stage 3 (two trials planted at Okeelanta Corporation) plus four locations with organic soils (Eastgate Farms, Inc., Knight Management, Inc., Sugar Farms Cooperative North–SFI Region, and Wedgworth Farms, Inc.), and two locations with sand soils (Lykes Brothers', Inc., and United States Sugar Corporation–Townsite). The reference cultivars in trials planted on organic soils were CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 (Glaz et al., 2000). The reference cultivar in the trials planted on sand soils was CP 78-1628 (Tai et al., 1991). All trials had six replications with the exception of the trial at Townsite, which had three. Genotypes were planted in randomized complete block designs in plots three rows wide and 10.5 m long. Alleys of 1.5 m separated plots. Trials were generally 2 plots wide (six rows) and 48 plots long. For the nine Stage-4 trials planted in 2003, cane tonnage was estimated by first counting stalks in the two interior rows of each plot from July through September in 2004 (plant cane), 2005 (first ratoon), and 2006 (second ratoon). Stalk weight and CRS were estimated as described for Stage 2 from 10-stalk samples. There was one sample date per crop cycle at each location, from October through March 2004–2005 (plant cane), 2005–2006 (first ratoon), and 2006–2007 (second ratoon). For the two Stage-4 trials planted in 2004, these same procedures were followed 1 yr later. Yield results of CP 00-1446 reported here are summaries of 30 harvests at 11 trial locations in Florida from 2004 to 2007. During 2004–2005, there were nine plant-cane harvests; during 2005–2006, there were two plant-cane and nine first-ratoon harvests); and during 2006–2007, there was one first-ratoon harvest and there were nine second-ratoon harvests.
Seventeen fiber estimates were made for CP 00-1446 from 2004 through 2007. Each estimate was from a five-stalk sample collected from Stage-4 border rows. Samples for fiber estimates were collected from borders rather than middle-plot rows because the middle rows were used for yield estimates. Leaves were stripped from these stalks, which were then cut into three approximately even sections (bottom, middle, and top stalk sections). Two randomly selected bottom, middle, and top sections were processed through a Jeffco cutter-grinder (Jeffries Brothers, Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia). About 75 g of material (fresh bagasse) processed through the cutter-grinder was collected and weighed. These fresh bagasse samples were then placed in cloth bags and washed twice in cold water in a washing machine to remove soluble solids. Samples were then dried at 63°C until their weights stabilized. The fiber percentage of a genotype was calculated as
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Samples of a reference cultivar were processed on all dates that fiber samples of CP 00-1446 were processed. All fiber percentages calculated on a given day were corrected to the historical fiber percentage of the reference cultivar. For example, the reported fiber percentage of CP 89-2143 was 9.85%. On days when CP 89-2143 was the reference cultivar when fiber samples were processed, if its estimated fiber was 10.00%, then all estimated fiber samples of other genotypes were multiplied by 0.985.
Characterization by Microsatellite Genotyping
Twelve pairs of microsatellite primers (Table 2
) developed through the International Consortium of Sugarcane Biotechnology (Cordeiro et al., 2003) were used to generate a genetic fingerprint for CP 00-1446. Isolation of DNA was accomplished as described by Glynn et al. (2008), and microsatellite amplification was performed according to procedures described by Edmé et al. (2006). The genetic fingerprint for CP 00-1446 was compared with those of cultivars CP 70-1133, CP 72-2086, CP 78-1628, CP 80-1743 (Deren et al., 1991), CP 88-1762 (Tai et al., 1997), and CP 89-2143. These six cultivars occupied 86% of the sugarcane acreage in Florida in 2006 (Glaz, 2007). A binary matrix for presence and absence of fragments among the seven cultivars was generated and used to produce genetic distance indices and a phenetic tree using Treecon Version 1.3b (Van de Peer and De Wachter, 1994). Distance estimations were performed using Nei and Li (1979) methods with bootstrap analysis (1000 iterations), and a phenetic tree inferred using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering.
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Characteristics
Field Performance
CP 00-1446 had high yields of sucrose relative to the reference cultivars in the plant-cane crop on sand (Table 3
) and organic soils (Table 4
). Aside from its high stalk weight on sand soils in the plant-cane crop, the stalk weights of CP 00-1446 were generally similar to those of the reference cultivars on both soil types (Tables 3 and 4). Fiber content of CP 00-1446 was 8.86%.
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The mean sucrose yield of CP 00-1446 on sand soils was significantly higher than the sucrose yield of CP 78-1628 in the plant-cane crop and for the mean of all three crop cycles. Sucrose yields of CP 00-1446 and CP 78-1628 were similar in both ratoon crop cycles. The theoretical economic indices of CP 00-1446 were significantly higher than those of CP 78-1628 in the plant-cane crop and for the mean of all three crop cycles, and the theoretical economic indices of the two cultivars were similar in both ratoon crop cycles on sand soils.
The mean cane yields of CP 00-1446 on organic soils were significantly higher than those of CP 72-2086, the secondary reference cultivar on organic soils, in each of the three crop cycles (Table 4). Cane yields of CP 00-1446 were significantly higher than those of CP 89-2143, the primary reference cultivar on organic soils, in the plant-cane and first-ratoon crop cycles. CP 00-1446 and CP 89-2143 had similar cane yields in the second-ratoon crop cycle and for the mean of all three crop cycles. The CRS values of CP 00-1446 were significantly lower than those of CP 89-2143 in all three crop cycles and were significantly lower than those of CP 72-2086 in all crop cycles except the first-ratoon crop.
The sucrose yields of CP 00-1446 on organic soils were significantly higher than those of CP 72-2086 in all three crop cycles. The sucrose yield and economic index of CP 00-1446 were significantly lower than those of CP 89-2143 in the second-ratoon crop cycle; otherwise, these two cultivars had similar sucrose yields and economic indices on organic soils.
In the CP program in Florida, decisions to advance genotypes from Stages 2 and 3 and recommendations to release Stage-4 genotypes are made by a committee of sugarcane farmers and representatives of public and private organizations. Members of this committee considered all yield and disease information, along with their individual visual ratings of CP 00-1446 in seed-cane increase fields, and in June 2007, they recommended to release CP 00-1446 for use on sand soils in Florida due to its high yields of cane and sucrose and its acceptable profile of resistance or tolerance to major and minor sugarcane diseases typically encountered on sand soils in Florida. CP 00-1446 was not recommended for commercial use on organic soils in Florida because of its low CRS on these soils and its moderate susceptibility to sugarcane mosaic, which is more of a problem on organic than sand soils in Florida.
Agronomic, Botanical, and Molecular Descriptions
Plants described here were characterized on 29 to 31 Jan. 2008, approximately 350 d after emergence in field plantings on a muck soil at Canal Point, FL (Table 5
). The stalks characterized were from inner rows protected from sunlight unless otherwise noted. Colors were determined from Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, and botanical descriptions were based on terminology of Artschwager and Brandes (1958). Under different environmental and cultural conditions, color and other phenotypic expressions may vary in sugarcane cultivars.
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From the ground to the top visible dewlap (dewlaps form the hinge of the blade joint in sugarcane), CP 00-1446 exhibited an average, mature stalk height of 308 cm. The average heights of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 were 343 and 305 cm, respectively. Mean internode length, at the 9th through the 11th internodes from the ground, of CP 00-1446 was 12.7 cm compared with 14.6 cm for CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. Internodes were cylindrical and widest at their root bands. Stalk diameter was measured at the middle of the 3rd (low) and 10th (middle) internodes from the ground as well as at the middle of the hardened internode closest to the top visible dewlap (upper). The mean low, middle, and upper stalk diameters of CP 00-1446 were 29.5, 27.3, and 25.1 mm, respectively. These compared with low, middle, and upper diameters of CP 72-2086 of 33.0, 28.4, and 22.7 mm, respectively, and CP 89-2143 diameters of 30.0, 25.7, and 22.6 mm, respectively.
CP 00-1446 exhibited a concave-convex–shaped internode at the tenth internode from the ground and a glabrous growth ring with a mean width of 3.2 mm. The root band of CP 00-1446 was 6.2 mm wide and exhibited unequally distributed rows of irregularly shaped primordia with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 2.6 mm. A dark wax layer covered the root band near the bud region. Bud furrows were present but not prominent on CP 00-1446 internodes. CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 exhibited moderate bud furrows. The green yellow (2.5GY 8/6) buds of CP 00-1446 were above the leaf scar, sometimes beginning midway up the root band. Buds of all three cultivars were raised above the surface of the root band. At the 10th internode, the buds of CP 00-1446 exhibited narrow ovate bud shapes compared with the round with central germ pore bud shapes of CP 89-2143 and the squarish pentagonal with wing inserted high bud shape of CP 72-2086. The 4.7-mm mean bud width of CP 00-1446 was smaller than bud widths of CP 72-2086 (6.5 mm) and CP 89-2143 (6.3 mm). The bud length of CP 00-1446 was 6.2 mm, compared with CP 72-2086 (6.2 mm) and CP 89-2143 (6.0 mm). None of these cultivars exhibited pubescence on the buds.
The canopy of CP 00-1446 was curved compared with the erect canopy of CP 89-2143 and the ascending leaves with drooping tips of CP 72-2086. The mean leaf blade lengths and widths of CP 00-1446, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 at the top visible dewlaps were 156 and 5.0 cm, 110 and 3.4 cm, and 123 and 3.3 cm, respectively. Leaf sheaths were mostly smooth with a few scattered short, stiff hairs. Older sheaths were green yellow (5GY 7/2), and progressively younger leaf sheaths were red (10R 5/8) and green yellow (5GY 7/2). Leaf sheaths tended to curl inward as they separated from the stalk. CP 00-1446, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 leaves exhibited raised midribs on their abaxial sides. The midrib of CP 00-1446 was 5.6 mm wide on the adaxial side, where the leaf was 32.8 mm wide. Midrib widths on the adaxial sides of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 were 9.0 and 6.2 mm, respectively, and leaf widths of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 were 27.1 and 24.9 mm, respectively. The midrib of CP 00-1446 was the same color as the leaf blade on the abaxial side, but on the adaxial side, the midrib of CP 00-1446 was a lighter shade of green than the leaf. The majority of the dewlaps on the upper leaves of mature plants were yellow red (7.5YR 6/2), and their shape was deltoid as defined by Artschwager and Brandes (1958). Auricles were absent from CP 00-1446 stalks. The yellow red (7.5YR 7/6) ligules of CP 00-1446 exhibited a broad subarcuate shape compared with the broad crescent shapes of ligules of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. Mean ligule lengths of CP 00-1446, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 were 3.5, 5.8, and 6.0 mm, respectively. Ligules sometimes had a small band of pubescence at each corner.
Twelve microsatellite primer pairs amplified 144 fragments, ranging from 105 to 380 bp, in CP 00-1446, CP 70-1133, CP 78-1628, CP 72-2086, CP 89-2143, CP 80-1743, and CP 88-1762 (Table 2). Of these fragments, 121 were polymorphic and 23 were monomorphic. Unique fragments were identified for each cultivar, but there were also some overlapping fragments. The number of fragments amplified in CP 00-1446 ranged from 2 (SMC222CG) to 11 (mSSCIR54). The resulting phenetic tree illustrates that CP 00-1446 is genetically distinct from the six other cultivars (Fig. 1 ).
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During Stage 2, CP 00-1446 showed no symptoms after field inoculations were conducted to determine its susceptibility to eye spot [caused by Bipolaris sacchari (E.J. Butler)]. Eye spot is not a commercial problem in Florida. Field inoculations with smut were also conducted on CP 00-1446 during the years it was in Stages 3 and 4. Susceptibility to smut in inoculated tests was determined by comparing number of sori produced by CP 00-1446 with those produced by cultivars CP 73-1547 (Miller et al., 1982) and CP 78-1628. Smut susceptibilities of CP 73-1547 and CP 78-1628 are at the upper limits of acceptability for commercial production in Florida. Based on 11 whips for CP 00-1446, 0 whips for CP 78-1628, and 16 whips for CP 73-1547 during 2 yr of testing, and based on five stools infected with smut due to natural infection in Stage-4 plots, the moderate susceptibility of CP 00-1446 to smut was considered acceptable for commercial sugarcane production in Florida.
Greenhouse inoculations were conducted with leaf scald (3 yr) and mosaic (2 yr) when CP 00-1446 was in Stages 3 and 4. The number of infected CP 00-1446 plants with leaf scald was compared with the number of infected plants of CP 80-1743. For mosaic, numbers of infected plants of CP 00-1446 and CP 72-2086 were compared. CP 80-1743 susceptibility to leaf scald and CP 72-2086 susceptibility to mosaic are at the upper limits of acceptability for commercial sugarcane production in Florida. In the first year of inoculated tests, 2.5% of CP 00-1446 plants were infected with leaf scald, compared with 21.4% for CP 80-1743. In the second year of leaf-scald inoculations, percentages of infected plants were 0 and 50.6 for CP 00-1446 and CP 80-1743, respectively; in the third year, percentages were 2.4% infected for CP 00-1446 and 14.3% for CP 80-1743. CP 00-1446 had 7.4 and 14.7% of plants infected in inoculation tests with mosaic in each of 2 yr compared with 19 and 70.3% infected plants of CP 72-2086. Throughout Stages 3 and 4, no plants of CP 00-1446 were identified that were naturally infected with leaf scald, but moderate infections of mosaic were identified in plots growing in regions where mosaic infection is strongest. On the basis of these inoculated tests and natural infection evaluations, CP 00-1446 was considered to have sufficient resistance to leaf scald and mosaic for commercial production on sand soils in Florida. Although its mosaic rating was moderately susceptible, this was considered acceptable for commercial production on the sand soils of Florida, where mosaic infections on sugarcane are rare.
Ratoon stunting disease susceptibility has no level at which commercial production is not acceptable because it can be controlled by use of noninfected planting material. Inoculation tests for RSD susceptibility of CP 00-1446 were conducted from 2001 through 2004. CP 00-1446 was considered resistant to RSD because its mean number of colonized vascular bundles (4.9) in these tests was substantially lower than the overall mean number of vascular bundles (9.5) for CP 72-1210 and CP 80-1827, both of which are considered moderately susceptible.
Cold Tolerance
Cold tolerance of CP 00-1446, 13 other Stage-4 genotypes, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143, was assessed at the University of Florida–Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Hague research facility near Gainesville, FL. These genotypes were planted on 22 Feb. 2005 in two randomized complete block experiments with four replications in single-row plots. Plots were 1.5 m long and 2.4 m apart with 2.4 m breaks between replications. Freezing temperatures between 0 and –3°C were recorded 1, 10, 7, 8, and 1 d in the following November and December (2005), and January, February, and March (2006), respectively. Cold-tolerance rankings were based on temporal deterioration of juice quality in mature stalks after exposure to freezing temperatures. Rankings from 1st to 16th signified best to worst cold tolerance. CP 00-1446 ranked 11th among 16 genotypes for cold tolerance. CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 ranked 12th and 3rd for cold tolerance, respectively.
Availability
In its initial year of release, seed cane (seed cane is the term used to describe stem sections that are used to vegetatively propagate sugarcane) of CP 00-1446 will be available from the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., for commercial planting in areas where sugarcane is grown on sand soils in Florida. It is not anticipated that patent protection for CP 00-1446 will be sought. Small quantities of seed cane for research purposes may be obtained at the USDA-ARS Sugarcane Field Station, Canal Point, FL, where CP 00-1446 will be maintained for at least 5 yr from the date of this publication.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Ron Rice of the Palm Beach County Extension Service for his contributions to this registration.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication May 17, 2008.
References
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