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Agronomy Dep., North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, 3925 Hwy. 71, Marianna, FL 32446
* Corresponding author (btillman{at}ufl.edu).
ABSTRACT
‘Florida-07’ (Reg. No. CV-104, PI 652938) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar was developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, FL. It was approved for release in 2006. Florida-07 has larger-than-average runner market–type seeds and pods. The growth habit of Florida-07 is prostrate, typical of runner-type peanut cultivars. Under irrigation in Florida, it matures about 140 d after planting, which places it in the category of medium-late relative maturity. Release of Florida-07 was made on the basis of its excellent pod yield potential, competitive kernel grade (percentage total sound mature kernels), high-oleic fatty acid oil chemistry, and resistance to spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus) and white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.).
Abbreviations: TSMK, total sound mature kernels • UPPT, Uniform Peanut Performance Tests
‘Florida-07’ (Reg. No. CV-104, PI 652938) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar was developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, FL, and was approved for release in 2006. Release of Florida-07 was made on the basis of its excellent pod yield potential, competitive kernel grade, high-oleic fatty acid oil chemistry, and resistance to spotted wilt caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (genus Tospovirus; family Bunyaviridae) and white mold caused by Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.). It should add significantly to the control of spotted wilt disease because cultivar resistance is the primary method of limiting losses from that disease (Brown et al., 2005).
Tested experimentally as UF04327, Florida-07 originated from a cross made in a greenhouse in Marianna, FL, in 1996. The female parent was the early-maturing, high-oleic breeding line 89xOL14-11-1-1-1-b2-B, which had ‘Marc I’ (Gorbet et al., 1992) as a parent. The high-oleic trait in the female parent originates from F435-HO1, a breeding line that was not released by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. The high-oleic trait in F435-HO1 was first reported by Norden et al. (1987) and results in improvements in the fatty acid profile of peanut oil. Specifically, it increases oleic fatty acid in peanut oil from about 50 to 55% in normal peanuts to about 75 to 80% and decreases linoleic fatty acid from about 20 to 25% in normal peanuts to 2 to 5%. The male parent was the late-maturing (150 d after planting) multiple disease resistant cultivar C-99R (Gorbet and Shokes, 2002). C-99R has resistance to late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Deighton], white mold, and tomato spotted wilt. The purpose of the cross was to incorporate the high-oleic oil chemistry into a breeding population that would allow selection for improved pod yield, kernel grade, medium maturity, and resistance to multiple diseases (spotted wilt, late leaf spot, and white mold).
Methods
Florida-07 was developed through a pedigree selection program under nonsprayed (no fungicides) management practices near Marianna, FL, during 1997 (F2) through 2002 (F6). Seeds from F1 plants were analyzed for fatty acid oil chemistry in the winter of 1997–1998 using gas chromatography as described in Zeile et al. (1993). Florida-07 originates from a single F2 seed (HO3) with about 80% oleic fatty acid. Single plants were selected in Marianna for pod size and shape and reaction to prevalent diseases during the F2 through F6 generations. Florida-07 was first entered into yield tests in Marianna in 2003 with seed that was bulked from three F6 plants to form the line 96x70-HO3-7-1-1-b3. Seed was bulked from that test and given the designation 96x70-HO3-7-1-1-b3-B.
In 2004, the line was given the experimental designation UF04327 and entered into the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests (UPPT) in the Marianna location as a local option, that is, a line tested in a single UPPT site (Branch et al., 2005). The Florida local options group was also tested near Gainesville, FL, at the Plant Science Research and Education Center and near Jay, FL, at the West Florida Research and Education Center. UF04327 was entered in five other tests in both Marianna and in two tests grown in Marianna and Gainesville.
In 2005, UF04327 was an official entry in the UPPT; that is, it was grown in 10 locations throughout the peanut-growing regions of the United States (Branch et al., 2006). It was also tested in 15 different experiments in Marianna, many of which were aimed at discerning disease reaction to spotted wilt, leaf spots, or white mold. UF04327 was also an entry in two tests that were planted in Marianna, Gainesville, and Jay, and in three tests that were planted in Marianna and Gainesville. The release decision was made after the 2005 season, although testing continued in the 2006 and 2007 seasons.
In all Florida tests beginning in 2003 (F7), plots consisted of two 6.1-m-long rows spaced 91 cm apart. In-furrow insecticides were not applied in Marianna, but either aldicarb or phorate was applied in Jay and Gainesville. The seeding density was 19.7 seeds m–1. In tests designed to evaluate leaf spot resistance, no foliar fungicides were applied. In tests designed to evaluate white mold resistance, no fungicides with activity against S. rolfsii were used, and the plots were inoculated with S. rolfsii. Inoculum of S. rolfsii was grown on sterilized whole oat groats and diluted before application with oat and/or corn. On the day before applying the inoculum and for 3 d subsequent, fields were watered with 0.6 to 1.2 cm from overhead irrigation each day. White mold tests were conducted similarly to those described by Gorbet et al. (2004). Otherwise, cultural practices used in tests in Florida were common to all years and included overhead irrigation (in Marianna and Gainesville; Jay tests were rainfed), conventional tillage with moldboard plowing in the spring, and standard recommendations for weed and insect control, as well as a full-season fungicide program, which stipulates fungicide applications every 10 to 14 d to control foliar diseases such as leaf spots and soil-borne diseases such as white mold.
Quality data were collected from field-plot samples to estimate grade factors and oil chemistry from 2003 to 2007. In Florida, fatty acid composition was determined with a Hewlett-Packard 5890A gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) following procedures described by Metcalf et al. (1966) and Zeile et al. (1993) and using a ThermoNicolet 630 FT-IR instrument (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) as described by Tillman et al. (2006). Flavor evaluations are not presented but were conducted by the USDA-ARS Market Quality and Handling Research Unit in Raleigh, NC, as part of the UPPT (http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=66-45-05-00). Although not reported here, grade and physical attributes of the pods and seeds were measured by the USDA-ARS National Peanut Research Laboratory (2006) in Dawson, GA, as part of the UPPT. In Florida, grading was conducted by University of Florida staff using Federal-State Inspection Service farmer stock grading equipment and standard procedures. The weight of the grade samples was 200 g, and all debris and immature kernels were removed from the sample.
Head-to-head comparisons were generated using AGROBASE Generation II, Varietal Comparisons Module (Agronomix Software, Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada, http://www.agronomix.mb.ca/gen2.html) to compare Florida-07 to ‘Georgia-02C’ (Branch, 2003) and to ‘Hull’ (Gorbet, 2007b). Data from white mold and leaf spot tests in Florida were analyzed using AGROBASE Generation II.
Characteristics
Plants of Florida-07 have a prostrate growth habit typical of runner cultivars. Its foliage is dark green (Munsell Book of Color 5G 4/7) and it has a semiprominent main stem. The testa of Florida-07 seeds is tan in color but somewhat darker than the testa of Hull and C-99R. Florida-07 requires approximately 140 d after planting to mature under irrigation in Florida and so is adapted to most growing regions in the southeastern United States. The vine growth of Florida-07 is somewhat greater than Hull but less than C-99R.
The pod and seed size of Florida-07 are in the upper range of the typical runner market type. Both the percentage of virginia pods and the weight of 100 seeds exceed that of Georgia-02C and Hull (Table 1 ). The USDA definition for a runner market type requires that the proportion of virginia pods be less than 40% (Knauft et al., 1987). This would technically categorize Florida-07 as a virginia type. However, the peanut industry requires virginia-type cultivars to have much larger pods and seed than the USDA definition indicates. Most commercially accepted virginia-type cultivars have at least 70% virginia pods, as evidenced by the recent release of CHAMPS (Mozingo et al., 2006) and by results from evaluations of virginia-type breeding material in Virginia and North Carolina (Coker and Shokes 2007; Shokes et al., 2008). Compared with the typical runner-type cultivar Georgia-02C, Florida-07 has fewer medium kernels and more jumbo kernels. In contrast, Florida-07 has more medium kernels and fewer jumbo kernels than Hull (Table 1). The data also show that the pods and seed of lines grown in Gainesville tend to be larger than when grown in Marianna, FL.
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Florida-07 has demonstrated excellent pod yield potential in Florida tests. Over three locations and 2 or 3 yr per location, pod yield of Florida-07 was greater than that of Georgia-02C and Hull (Table 2 ). The total sound mature kernels (TSMK) grade (percentage of total sound mature kernels) of Florida-07 was similar to Hull, but less than Georgia-02C (Table 2).
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Spotted wilt ratings of Florida-07 were less than those of Georgia-02C and Hull (Table 2) indicating that it is more resistant to that disease. Florida-07 is moderately resistant to white mold. In 2 yr of testing in Marianna, FL, it lost an average of 41% of its pod yield in plots inoculated with S. rolfsii compared with plots that were not inoculated (Table 3 ). This was intermediate to the pod yield losses experienced by ‘AP-3’ (Gorbet, 2007a) and ‘Georgia Green’ (Branch, 1996). AP-3 is known to have very good resistance to white mold, and Georgia Green is known to be less resistant (Brown et al., 2008). In 2007, Georgia Green occupied about 50% of the runner-type acreage in the southeastern United States.
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Florida-07 has received approval for a U.S. Plant Variety Protection Certificate (PVP No. 200300206) in April 2008 for production only as a class of certified seed. Inquiries concerning foundation seed and production of Florida-07 should be directed to Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc., P.O. Box 309, Greenwood, FL 32443. Breeder seed will be maintained by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Seed has been submitted to the National Plant Germplasm System for distribution after the expiration of the PVP certificate. Small seed samples for research purposes are available from the authors.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication May 19, 2008.
References
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