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AAFC-Brandon Research Center, Box 1000A, RR 3, 18th and Grand Valley Rd., Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
* Corresponding author (mtherrien{at}agr.gc.ca).
ABSTRACT
‘Desperado’ six-row barley [Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.] (Reg. No. CV-340; PI 654069) was developed and released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Brandon Research Centre as a dual-purpose forage and feed cultivar in April 2008. It was derived from a complex cross with the Brandon composite cross BR CC 053 as base parent and evaluated in 20 field tests in western Canada. Desperado is adapted to the Parkland region of western Canada with high grain and dry matter yield potential and good grain test weight. Desperado has 6% higher dry matter yield than ‘AC Ranger’ and similar grain yield and test weight to AC Ranger. Desperado is resistant to several important barley diseases including stem rust (Rpg1 resistance gene) and the surface-borne smuts, as well as moderate resistance to spot blotch (Cochliobolus spp.) and common root rot [caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kuribayashi,) Dreschs. ex Dastur.].
Abbreviations: AAFC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada • MSFRS, male sterile facilitated recurrent selection • PRCOB, Prairie Registration Recommending Committee for Oats and Barley
‘Desperado’ six-row barley [Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.] (Reg. No. CV-340; PI 654069) was developed and released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Brandon Research Centre, Brandon, MB, as a dual-purpose forage and feed cultivar on 29 Apr. 2008. Desperado was developed using male sterile facilitated recurrent selection (MSFRS) using male-sterile populations developed at the AAFC Brandon Research Centre from 1983 to 1988. Eight cultivars and advanced lines were introgressed into the MSFRS population from 1989 to 1997 to produce the line that became Desperado. This cultivar is well adapted to western Canada's mixed woodland agricultural region known as the Parkland, a large barley-growing area of over 3 million ha that is also the primary beef cattle–producing area of Canada. Desperado is designed to replace the current western Canadian forage barley standard, ‘AC Ranger’, and demonstrates a higher dry matter yield when compared with AC Ranger.
Methods
Hybrid Seed Development
Desperado six-row forage barley was developed using the MSFRS method using a single plant from a genic male sterile composite cross population, designated Brandon CC 053, as the initial and recurrent female donor parent. The Brandon CC053 population contains the male-sterility gene msg6 as well as two closely linked genes o and sex, which produce an orange lemma and shrunken endosperm (indented seed), respectively. Thus, male-sterile plants can be identified via these two associated visual characters. The initial cross was made in 1989 with ‘B1602’. B1602 is a six-row malting barley developed by Busch Agricultural Resources, Inc. (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1994). A single male-sterile F1 plant, identified from the o and sex markers, was then crossed with the Brandon six-row malt breeding line 806F6 and F1 seed produced from that cross. This process was repeated for an additional six cycles with each cycle incorporating the following lines or cultivars, in succession: ‘Argyle’, six-row malt cultivar (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1981); ‘AC Lacombe’, six-row feed cultivar (Kibite, 1994); M82, a six-row malt line from the University of Minnesota; ‘AC Rosser’, six-row feed cultivar (Therrien, 1998); ‘Chapais’, six-row feed cultivar (J.P. Dubuque, personal communication, 2005); and BT375, a six-row feed barley line from Brandon. The final cross was made in 1997.
Early Generation Population Development
Progeny from the final cross were grown out as a bulk population in the F1 to F3 generations. Individual male-fertile plants, as evidenced by the absence of orange lemma and shrunken endosperm, were selected at the F3 based on phenotypes of vigorous growth, many tillers with large spikes, and relatively low foliar disease incidence.
Line Selection and Evaluation
Single heads were selected from individual F3 plants in a bulk MSFRS population. Each spike was threshed individually and planted as a single head row, along with the check cultivars AC Ranger six-row forage barley and AC Rosser, alternating every 20th row. In total, 300 head rows, along with 16 alternating check rows, were planted as F4 rows in 1999 and designated as cross EX695. A total of 36 rows were selected on the basis of vigorous growth, more and larger spikes, more erect habit, and lower incidence of foliar disease, relative to the check cultivars. Foliar disease refers to nonspecific disease load found on the leaves at around mid-dough stage of kernel development. Diseases present varied, but were mainly net blotch (Pyrenophora spp.) and spot blotch (Cochliobolus spp.). One line, EX695-6-12, was the original source of Desperado.
Evaluation of EX695-6-12 was initiated at the F5 in 2000, along with 120 lines from the same and other crosses, in nonreplicated 5-m2 plots, with the addition of two plots each of the check cultivars AC Ranger and AC Rosser. Plots were seeded using a Fabro plot seeder (Swift Current, SK, Canada) with four rows and 23 cm row spacing. Plots were 5 m in length. Plots were seeded at a rate of 200 plants m–2. Parameters measured on each plot included heading, height, lodging, incidence of (nonspecific) foliar disease, visual rating for vigorous growth, large heads and upright growth habit, grain yield, kernel test weight, and thousand kernel weight. EX695-6-12 was selected on the basis of lower lodging, improved grain yield, and lower disease incidence relative to the checks. In 2001, 2002, and 2003, EX695-6-12 was evaluated in replicated trials, in an RCBD, at the following locations in western Canada: Brandon and Hamiota, MB; Saskatoon, SK; Beiseker and Olds, AB. EX695-6-12 was advanced each year on the same basis for selection as the F5 generation, using the same check cultivars, AC Ranger and AC Rosser. In 2004, EX695-6-12 was evaluated in a forage barley preregistration trial at seven locations (Brandon, Hamiota, and Roblin, MB; Saskatoon and Watrous, SK; Olds and Beiseker, AB). In addition to the parameters evaluated in 2000 and 2003, the trial also consisted of an additional four-replicate set of plots, in an RCBD, which were harvested at the soft-dough stage of kernel development to evaluate dry matter yield. From these plots, dry matter yield was obtained. EX695-6-12 demonstrated superior forage yield to the checks and was advanced to the registration trials.
EX695-6-12 was tested in multiple field and growth cabinet disease nurseries across western Canada for all nine major barley diseases known to occur in western Canada (see Table 1 ). Field disease load was evaluated by the author using a visual scale of 1 to 9, where 1 indicates the absence of any symptoms of disease on the leaves and 9 indicates 100% coverage of one or more leaf diseases on all leaves. Desperado was also evaluated in inoculated field and growth cabinet disease nurseries by qualified pathologists under the auspices of the Prairie Registration Recommending Committee for Oats and Barley (PRCOB). The PRCOB officially recommends new barley cultivars on behalf of the Government of Canada. Procedures for disease evaluation for barley by the PRCOB are published electronically (Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley, 2007).
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Statistical Analyses
Statistical analysis was performed for all replicated trials from 2001 to 2006. All trials were grown in a three-replicate randomized complete block design (four replicates for forage yield), and ANOVA was performed for heading, height, maturity, grain, and forage yield. In the ANOVA model, site-year combinations (environments) were set as random effects and genotypes as fixed effects. Univariate statistics were obtained for all other traits. Least significant differences were also calculated for the mean of each trait at the 5% level of significance. All statistical operations were performed and results obtained using Statistix 8 software (Analytical Software, see, FL).
Characteristics
Agronomic and Botanical Description
Desperado is a six-row spring barley that is well-adapted to the Northern Great Plains region of North America. Desperado is a relatively tall (94.2 cm), erect growth habit, mid-maturity cultivar with average lodging characteristics. It is otherwise similar to AC Ranger, which it is intended to replace (Table 2
). Desperado has semi-erect, medium spikes with semismooth awns that have red tips. Kernels of Desperado are of medium length and narrow width and a relatively high test weight, averaging 66.7 kg hL–1.
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Disease Resistance
Desperado is moderately resistant to common root rot, incited by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kuribayashi,) Dreschs. ex Dastur., resistant to most races of stem rust, incited by Puccinia graminis sp.f. triticii Eriks. and E. Henn.), but is susceptible to race QCCJ, as are all Canadian barley cultivars. Desperado is moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight, incited by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zea (Schwein)] and is intermediate in reaction to net blotch (incited by Pyrenophora teres) and spot blotch [incited by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kuribayashi) Dreschs. ex Dastur.]. This cultivar is resistant to the surface-borne smuts (incited by Ustilago nigra L. and Ustilago hordeii L.) but is susceptible to true loose smut (incited by Ustilago nuda L.). There is a susceptible reaction to both scald [Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) J.J. Davis] and septoria (Septoria passerinii Sacc.) (Table 1).
Availability
Desperado is distributed by FarmPure Genetics, Ltd., 418B MacDonald Street, Regina, SK, Canada, S4N 6E1. Although Desperado is protected under Plant Breeders' Rights legislation (Canada), small amounts of seed are available, for research and crossing purposes, from the author.
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the members of the Prairie Registration Committee for Oats and Barley for providing the expertise and data used in the preparation of this manuscript.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication June 20, 2008.
References
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