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a USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210
b Montana State Univ., Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 173150, Bozeman, MT 59717
c Colorado State Univ., San Luis Valley Research Center, 0249 East Road 9 North, Center, CO 81125
d 615 Calder Ave., American Falls, ID 83431
e Univ. of Idaho Tetonia Res. & Ext. Ctr., Tetonia, ID 83436
* Corresponding author (Charles.Erickson{at}ars.usda.gov).
ABSTRACT
‘Monico’ spring oat (Avena sativa L.) (Reg. No. CV-376, PI 652941) was developed cooperatively by the USDA-ARS and the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (AES) and jointly released by the USDA-ARS, the Idaho AES, the Montana AES, and the Colorado AES in 2007. Monico was developed using a modified bulk selection program. It is a F4 spaced-plant selection from the cross 83Ab3119/‘Monida’ harvested in 1993 at Aberdeen, ID. The parent 83Ab3119 had the pedigree of ‘Cayuse’/76Ab6843 (‘Appaloosa’/3/‘Otana’ //Coker X848-1-1-2/Cayuse). Monico is an early to midseason, relatively tall spring oat with excellent yield potential under both irrigated and rainfed conditions in Montana, Idaho, and Colorado.
Abbreviations: AED, Agricultural Experiment Station • ir, irrigation • rf, rainfed
‘Monico’ spring oat (Avena sativa L.) (Reg. No. CV-376, PI 652941) was developed cooperatively by the USDA-ARS and the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (AES). It was jointly released by the USDA-ARS, the Idaho AES, the Montana AES, and the Colorado AES in 2007. Monico (M
n' 
c
) is named after the three states joining in its release (Montana, Idaho, Colorado). Monico is an early to midseason, relatively tall spring oat with excellent yield potential under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Monico has equal or higher grain yield than presently grown cultivars and is tall enough for marginal rainfed conditions.
Monico is a selection from the cross 83Ab3119/‘Monida’ (Wesenberg et al., 1988) made in 1989 at Aberdeen, ID. The parent 83Ab3119 had the pedigree of ‘Cayuse’ (Konzak et al., 1968)/76Ab6843. The parent 76Ab6843 had the pedigree of ‘Appaloosa’(CIav 9297)/3/‘Otana’ (Wesenberg et al., 1978)//Coker X848-1-1-2 (unknown pedigree)/Cayuse.
Methods
Monico was developed using a modified bulk selection program. All early generation population and line development was done in the greenhouse or at an irrigated field-testing location at Aberdeen, ID. Monico originated as an F4 spaced plant harvested in 1993 at Aberdeen and was given the selection designation AbSP9-2. Monico was entered in a nonreplicated preliminary yield trial in 1994 at Aberdeen and was selected for further testing based on plant characteristics (height, maturity, and resistance to lodging) and productivity characteristics (grain yield, test weight, lemma color).
Monico was grown in replicated trials at Aberdeen under irrigation from 1995 through 2001 and in irrigated and rainfed trials at Tetonia, ID, from 1995 to 2002. Monico was tested in the Montana Oat trials from 1998 through 2005 (Hensleigh, 2003, 2006) under irrigation (ir) or high-moisture rainfed (rf) conditions at Bozeman (7 yr, ir), Huntley (8 yr, ir), Sydney (7 yr, ir), and Kalispell (8 yr, rf); and under rainfed conditions at Havre (8 yr), Huntley (8 yr), Moccasin (8 yr), and Sydney (8 yr). Monico was in the Colorado Oat Performance trials from 1998 through 2006 at Center (7 yr), Fruita (1 yr), and Yellow Jacket (2 yr). The experimental design at each location was a randomized complete block with either three or four replicates. Soil fertility was managed according to soil test results and recommendations for yield goals appropriate for the site based on site characteristics, including considerations of production histories, anticipated water availability, and avoidance of excessive lodging. All plots were sown with small-plot drills. Plot length varied from 2.4 to 3.3 m (consistent within any given trial). Plots in the Idaho trials consisted of four rows on 36-cm centers, and those in Colorado and Montana consisted of seven rows on 18-cm centers. Monico was entered in the Uniform Northwestern States Oat Nursery from 1998 through 2002.
After harvest, the yield of whole oats was measured by weighing, and test weight was determined. Kernels were dehulled with an impact type dehuller. Kernel and groat weights were determined on 100-grain samples. Quality characteristics including protein, β-glucan, and oil content were evaluated at the USDA Cereal Crops Research Unit at Madison, WI. The intact groats were analyzed for protein and oil by near infrared transmittance (Peterson, 1991). β-glucan was analyzed by the Calcofluor method (Peterson, 1991). Protein, oil, and β-glucan data are single determinations for each sample and are reported on a dry basis.
Data were analyzed by Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) using various statistical models and formulas added for coefficient of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference test. Typical models included cultivar, locations, years, cultivar x locations, and cultivar x years as sources of variance, with all sources of variance considered random except for cultivar.
Characteristics
Monico is an early to midseason, relatively tall spring oat with excellent yield potential under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Juvenile plant growth is erect, and immature foliage is blue-green in color. Panicles are equilateral and spreading. Leaf sheath, leaf margins, and culm internodes are glabrous. Kernels of Monico are typically plump, midlong, creamy-white, and similar in appearance to those of Otana, Cayuse, and Monida.
Monico has an excellent grain yield record in Idaho and other locations in the western United States. Between 1995 and 2001, Monico averaged 6755 kg ha–1 when grown under irrigation in Idaho (Table 1 ). This was equal to Monida and significantly greater than Otana and Cayuse. In rainfed trials at Tetonia, ID, from 1995 to 2002, Monico had a significantly higher yield than Cayuse, Monida, and Otana at 3812 kg ha–1 (Table 2 ). In the Montana Oat Trials between 1998 and 2005 (Table 3 ), Monico yielded 6754 kg ha–1 under irrigation, significantly better than Monida and Otana, and 2878 kg ha–1 under rainfed conditions, equal to Monida and higher than Otana. Between 1998 and 2006 in the Colorado Spring Oat Trials (Table 4 ), Monico averaged 5823 kg ha–1, equal to Monida. Monico also had good to excellent forage yields in 4 yr of testing in irrigated trials at Center, CO, averaging 9.4 Mg ha–1, equal to Monida and ‘Powell’ (PI 605473).
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Monico demonstrated good test weight over all location-years, averaging 491 kg m–3, while Monida averaged 463 kg m–3. In Idaho under both irrigation and rainfed conditions, Monico averaged 567 kg m–3, compared with 548 kg m–3 for Monida and 552 kg m–3 for Otana. In Montana, Monico had an average test weight of 456 kg m–3, while Monida averaged 426 kg m–3 and Otana averaged 461 kg m–3. Monico had a significantly higher test weight (502 kg m–3) than Monida (481 kg m–3) in Colorado.
Monico had a higher thousand kernel weight than both Monida and Otana when grown in Idaho (Table 5 ); a higher groat percentage than Monida, but lower than Otana; equal protein as Monida, but lower than Otana; lower β-glucan than both; and similar oil percentage as Monida, but higher than Otana.
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Breeder seed of Monico originated from 340 spaced plants grown at Aberdeen in 2000. These were increased in four-row, 3.0-m plots at Aberdeen in 2001, where the plots were harvested and bulked. Foundation seed was produced in 2002 by the Idaho Foundation Seed Program and in 2003 by the Montana Foundation Seed Stocks Program. The Montana, Idaho, and Colorado Agricultural Experiment Stations will maintain Breeder and Foundation seed of Monico. Requests for Breeder seed should be directed to the Coordinator, Foundation Seed Program, College of Agriculture, Kimberly Research and Extension Center, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341. Requests for Foundation seed should be directed to the Director, Montana Foundation Seed Stocks Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, and to the Director, Colorado State University Foundation Seed, Agricultural Research, Development and Education Center, 4616 NE Frontage Road, Fort Collins, CO 80524. It is requested that appropriate recognition of source be given when this cultivar contributes to research or development of a new breeding line or cultivar. Small quantities of seed for research purposes may be obtained from the corresponding author.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication March 3, 2008.
References
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