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a Univ. of Florida, Everglades Res. and Educ. Ctr., 3200 East Palm Beach Rd., Belle Glade, FL 33430
b USDA-ARS Sugarcane Field Station, 12990 US Hwy. 441 N, Canal Point, FL 33438
c Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., P.O. Box 1208, Clewiston, FL 33440. Mention of trade names or commercial products is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by USDA
* Corresponding author (Barry.Glaz{at}ars.usda.gov).
ABSTRACT
‘CP 00-1101’ (Reg. No. CV-130, PI 651881) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed through cooperative research conducted by the USDA-ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugarcane League, Inc., and was released to growers in Florida in September 2007. CP 00-1101 was selected from a putative self-cross of ‘CP 89-2143’ made at Canal Point, FL, in January 1998. CP 89-2143 is a major sugarcane cultivar in Florida. CP 00-1101 was released because of its high plant cane and ratoon yields of cane and commercial recoverable sucrose on organic and sand soils, and its resistance to smut [caused by Ustilago scitaminea (Sydow & P. Sydow)], brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala H. & P. Sydow), orange rust (caused by Puccinia kuehnii E.J. Butler), leaf scald (caused by Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby, Dowson), Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic), and ratoon stunting disease (caused by Clavibacter xyli subsp. Xyli Davis) in Florida.
Abbreviations: CP, Canal Point • CRS, commercial recoverable sucrose • RSD, ratoon stunting disease
‘CP 00-1101’ (Reg. No. CV-130, PI 651881) is a sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) derivative of a long-term recurrent selection program conducted through cooperative research of the USDA-ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugarcane League, Inc. It was released in Florida in September 2007. In the mainland United States, modern sugarcane cultivars, such as CP 00-1101, are allopolyploid (with aneuploidy) hybrids that can be traced back to 17 founder clones (Deren, 1995). These founders were used in S. officinarum x S. spontaneum crosses, and the F1 hybrids were backcrossed to the S. officinarum background to recover high sucrose content (Roach, 1972; Sreenivasan et al., 1987). CP 00-1101 was released because of its high plant cane and ratoon yields of cane and commercial recoverable sucrose (CRS), and its resistance to smut, brown rust (caused by Puccinia melanocephala H. & P. Sydow), orange rust (caused by Puccinia kuehnii E.J. Butler), leaf scald (caused by Xanthomonas albilineans Ashby, Dowson), and ratoon stunting disease (RSD, caused by Clavibacter xyli subsp. Xyli Davis) in Florida. The name CP 00-1101 was assigned according to routine Canal Point (CP) naming protocol. The name indicates assignment in year 2000 (CP 00) as the 101st selection in the first clonal selection stage. Selection numbers of <1000, 1000 to 2999, and >3000 are reserved for genotypes resulting from CP seed that are selected in Louisiana, Florida, and Texas, respectively.
CP 00-1101 is a progeny of a putative self-cross of cultivar CP 89-2143 made at Canal Point, FL, in January 1998. CP 89-2143 was released in fall 1996 (Glaz et al., 2000); its use increased steadily in Florida and by 2006 became the most widely planted sugarcane cultivar, with 26.8% of Florida's sugarcane acreage (Glaz 2007). The female parent of CP 89-2143 was ‘CP 81-1254’ (Tai et al., 1991b); the male parent was ‘CP 72-2086’ (Miller et al., 1984). CP 81-1254 had high yields, but because it was difficult to harvest, its usage peaked at 1.6% of Florida's sugarcane acreage in 1997 (Glaz, 1997). CP 72-2086 was planted on 4.6% of Florida's sugarcane acreage in 2006 (Glaz, 2007); its peak usage was in 1996 when it comprised 18% of Florida's sugarcane acreage (Glaz, 1997). A major concern with CP 72-2086 is its susceptibility to Sugarcane mosaic virus strain E (mosaic). There are five genotypes in the pedigree of CP 00-1101 that were the most widely planted cultivars for at least 1 yr in Florida or Louisiana (CP 89-2143, parent; CP 72-2086, grandparent; CP 72-1210 [Miller et al., 1981], great grandparent; CP 63-588 [Rice et al., 1969], great grandparent; and CP 65-357 [Breaux et al., 1974], great-great grandparent). The pedigree of CP 00-1101 also includes CL genotypes developed by a private breeding program of the United States Sugar Corporation that was located in Clewiston, FL.
Methods
Early Selection Stages
CP 00-1101 was selected through standard selection procedures of the CP breeding and selection program (Table 1
). The putative self-cross (X98-1061) between two flowers of CP 89-2143 was made at Canal Point in January 1998. The F1 seed was planted in flats in a greenhouse early in 1999 and was transplanted to the field in May 1999 at Canal Point with approximately 100,000 other genotypes in the seedling stage. From this stage on, the CP program propagates genotypes clonally. One stalk from the stool that was to become CP 00-1101 was selected from the seedling stage and advanced to Stage 1 in January 2000 with about 15,000 other unreplicated selections. Stage-1 plots were one row, 0.5 m long, and were separated by 0.5-m alleys. As in all other selection stages, row spacing was 1.5 m. Selection in seedling stage and Stage 1 was visual. Emphasis was placed on vigor and resistance to diseases (primarily brown rust, smut, and leaf scald) by natural infection.
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Stalks were counted in Stage 2 in July and August 2001. In October 2001, 10-stalk samples were collected from each plot and weighed. The product of stalk weight by stalk number estimated cane yield. All stalks were then milled to extract juice and determine theoretical recoverable sucrose, which was calculated as described by Legendre (1992). Fiber in this formula was estimated as 10% for all genotypes in Stages 2 and 3 and estimated as described later in Stage 4. All values of theoretical recoverable sucrose were multiplied by 0.86 to approximate CRS. Similarly, Legendre (1992) reported the calculation of a liquidation factor (ranging from 0.83 to 0.90) that was used by commercial mills in Louisiana to convert theoretical recoverable sucrose to CRS. Theoretical economic index (profitability) was calculated using a procedure that integrates sucrose content with costs of harvesting, hauling, and milling the cane (Deren et al., 1995).
The major selection criteria in Stage 2 (and later in Stages 3 and 4) were profitability, production of sucrose, and resistance to diseases (primarily brown rust, smut, mosaic, and leaf scald). Sucrose yield was calculated as
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Yield Trials in Commercial Fields
From Stage 2, 135 genotypes were advanced to Stage 3 in November and December 2001. Stage-3 genotypes and two reference cultivars (CP 70-1133 [Rice et al., 1978] and CP 72-2086) were planted in yield trials in commercial fields at four grower farms representative of the Florida sugarcane industry. Farms A. Duda & Sons', Inc., Okeelanta Corporation, and Sugar Farms Cooperative North-Osceola Region had organic (muck) soils, and Hilliard Brothers' of Florida, Ltd., had a sand soil. All four trials had two replications of genotypes planted in randomized complete-block designs in plots with two rows 4.5 m long. Plots were arranged in sections such that the first plot was separated from the second by a 1.5-m alley. The second plot in each section was separated from the first plot of the next section by a 6.0-m alley. Data were collected in the plant-cane (October 2002) and first-ratoon (October 2003) crops. Estimates of cane and sucrose yields and profitability were determined as described for Stage 2. On the basis of its cane and sucrose yields, profitability, and its resistance to brown rust, leaf scald, mosaic, and smut, CP 00-1101 was among 14 genotypes advanced from Stage 3 to Stage 4 in November 2003.
The 14 Stage-4 genotypes, including CP 00-1101, were planted in yield trials within commercial fields at nine grower farms in November and December 2003 and two additional farms in August and November 2004. These included five trials at the same four farms used for Stage 3 (two trials planted at Okeelanta Corporation) plus four more locations with organic soils (Eastgate Farms, Inc., Knight Management, Inc., Sugar Farms Cooperative North-SFI Region, and Wedgworth Farms, Inc.), and two more locations with sand soils (Lykes Brothers', Inc., and United States Sugar Corporation-Townsite). The reference cultivars in trials planted on organic soils were CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. The reference cultivar in the trials planted on sand soils was CP 78-1628 (Tai et al., 1991a). All trials had six replications (except the trial at Townsite, with three replications), with genotypes planted in randomized complete-block designs in plots three rows wide and 10.5 m long. Alleys of 1.5 m separated plots. Experiments were generally 2 plots wide (six rows) and 48 plots long. For the nine experiments planted in 2003, cane tonnage was estimated by first counting stalks in the two interior rows of each plot from July through September in 2004 (plant cane), 2005 (first ratoon), and 2006 (second ratoon). Stalk weight and CRS were estimated as described for Stage 2 from a 10-stalk sample collected from October through March of 2004–2005 (plant cane), 2005–2006 (first ratoon), and 2006–2007 (second ratoon). For the two experiments planted in 2004, these same procedures were followed 1 yr later.
Using five-stalk samples collected from border rows (so as not to affect rows used for yield estimation), 21 fiber analyses were processed for CP 00-1101. Leaves were stripped from these stalks, which were then cut into three approximately even sections (bottom, middle, and top stalk sections). Two randomly selected bottom, middle, and top sections were processed through a Jeffco cutter-grinder (Jeffries Brothers, Ltd., Brisbane Queensland, Australia). About 75 g of material (fresh bagasse) processed through the cutter-grinder were collected and weighed. The fresh bagasse samples were then placed in cloth bags and washed twice in a washing machine to remove soluble solids. Samples were then dried at 63°C until their weights no longer dropped. The fiber percentage of a genotype was
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Samples of a reference cultivar were processed on all dates that fiber samples of CP 00-1101 were processed. All fiber percentages calculated on a given day were corrected to the historical fiber percentage of the reference cultivar. For example, the reported fiber percentage of CP 89-2143 was 9.85%. On days when CP 89-2143 was the reference cultivar, if its estimated fiber was 10.00%, then all estimated fiber samples of other genotypes were multiplied by 0.985.
Characterization by Microsatellite Genotyping
Twelve pairs of microsatellite primers (Table 2
) developed through the International Consortium of Sugarcane Biotechnology (Cordeiro et al., 2003) were used to generate a genetic fingerprint for CP 00-1101. Isolation of DNA was accomplished as described by Glynn et al. (2008), and microsatellite amplification was performed according to procedures described by Edmé et al. (2006). The genetic fingerprint for CP 00-1101 was compared with those of cultivars CP 70-1133, CP 72-2086, CP 78-1628, CP 80-1743 (Deren et al., 1991), CP 88-1762 (Tai et al., 1997), and CP 89-2143. These six cultivars occupied 86% of the sugarcane acreage in Florida in 2006 (Glaz, 2007). A binary matrix for presence and absence of fragments among the seven cultivars was generated and used to produce genetic distance indices and a phenetic tree using Treecon Version 1.3b (Van de Peer and De Wachter, 1994). Distance estimations were performed using Nei and Li, (1979) methods with bootstrap analysis (1000 iterations), and a phenetic tree inferred using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering.
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Characteristics
Field Performance
CP 00-1101 was tested in 30 harvests at 11 trial locations in Florida during 2004–2005 (nine plant-cane harvests), 2005–2006 (two plant-cane harvests and nine first-ratoon harvests), and 2006–2007 (one first-ratoon and nine second-ratoon harvests). CP 00-1101 had high yields of cane and sucrose relative to the reference cultivars in most plant-cane, first-ratoon, and second-ratoon harvests on organic and sand soils (Tables 3
and 4). Stalk weights of CP 00-1101 were generally similar to those of the reference cultivars on both soil types. Fiber content of CP 00-1101 was 10.15%
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Commercial recoverable sucrose of CP 00-1101 on organic soils was significantly higher than that of CP 72-2086 and similar to that of CP 89-2143 in each crop cycle (Table 3). However, the CRS mean of CP 00-1101 for the three-crop cycle was significantly higher than the CRS means of both reference cultivars. In the plant-cane crop cycle, the sucrose yield of CP 00-1101 on organic soil was significantly higher than the sucrose yields of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. In the first- and second-ratoon crop cycles, sucrose yields of CP 00-1101 were significantly higher than those of CP 72-2086 but not significantly different from those of CP 89-2143. Combined across all three crop cycles, the sucrose yield of CP 00-1101 was significantly higher than the sucrose yields of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143.
The theoretical economic index of CP 00-1101 on organic soils was significantly higher than that of CP 72-2086 in each of the three crop cycles and significantly higher than that of CP 89-2143 in the plant-cane crop cycle. Also, the mean economic index of the plant-cane, first-ratoon, and second-ratoon crop cycles of CP 00-1101 was significantly higher compared with the mean economic indices of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143.
Cane yield of CP 00-1101 on sand soils did not differ significantly from that of CP 78-1628, the reference cultivar for sand soils, in all three crop cycles, but the CRS of CP 00-1101 was significantly higher than that of CP 78-1628 in each crop cycle (Table 4 ). Sucrose yields of CP 00-1101 and CP 78-1628 were similar except that in the plant-cane crop, the sucrose yield of CP 00-1101 was significantly higher than that of CP 78-1628. CP 78-1628 and CP 00-1101 had similar economic indices in the two ratoon crop cycles, but in the plant-cane crop cycle and for the mean of all three crop cycles on sand soils, the economic indices of CP 00-1101 were significantly greater than those of CP 78-1628.
In the CP sugarcane cultivar development program in Florida, decisions to advance genotypes from Stages 2 and 3, and recommendations to release Stage-4 genotypes are made by a committee of sugarcane farmers and public and private scientists. Members of this committee recommended to release CP 00-1101 in June 2007 due to its high yields of cane and sucrose on organic and sand soils and its acceptable profile of resistance or tolerance to major and minor sugarcane diseases found in Florida.
Agronomic, Botanical, and Molecular Descriptions
Plants described here were characterized on 29 to 31 Jan. 2008 at approximately 350 d after emergence in field plantings at Canal Point, FL (Table 5
). The stalks characterized were from inner rows unexposed to direct sunlight unless otherwise noted. Colors were determined from Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, and botanical descriptions were based on terminology of Artschwager and Brandes (1958). However, color and other phenotypic expressions may vary in sugarcane cultivars without any change in the genotype with differences in growth, environment, and cultural conditions.
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CP 00-1101 exhibited an average, mature stalk height (ground level to top visible dewlap, dewlaps form the hinge of the blade joint in sugarcane) of 333 cm compared with CP 72-2086 (343 cm) and CP 89-2143 (305 cm). Internode length, at the 10th internode from the ground, of CP 00-1101 was 12.3 cm compared with 14.6 cm for CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. Stalk diameter was measured at the middle of the 3rd (low) and 10th (middle) internodes from the ground as well as at the middle of the hardened internode closest to the top visible dewlap (upper). The mean low, middle, and upper stalk diameters of CP 00-1101 were 23.7, 26.1, and 25.7 mm, respectively. These compared with low, middle, and upper diameters of CP 72-2086 of 33.0, 28.4, and 22.7 mm, respectively; and CP 89-2143 diameters of 30.0, 25.7, and 22.6 mm, respectively. CP 00-1101 exhibited a concave-convex shaped internode at the 10th internode from the ground and a glabrous growth ring with a mean width of 3.0 mm. The root band of CP 00-1101 was 5.9 mm wide and exhibited (usually) two rows of raised, circular primordia with diameters ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 mm. About 30% of the root band was covered by a wax layer, but some primordia were connected by diagonal lines caused by the lack of wax covering. Bud furrows were absent from the internodes of CP 00-1101. CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 exhibited moderate bud furrows. The buds of CP 00-1101 and CP 89-2143 extended into the leaf scar, whereas the buds of CP 72-2086 were within the root band. The buds of CP 00-1101 were yellow (2.5 Y 8/4). Buds of all three cultivars were raised above the surface of the root band. CP 00-1101 and CP 89-2143 exhibited bud shapes described as round with central germ pore at the 10th internode and the bud shape of CP 72-2086 was squarish pentagonal with wing inserted high. The bud widths of CP 00-1101 (6.2 mm), CP 72-2086 (6.5 mm), and CP 89-2143 (6.3 mm) were similar. The bud length of CP 00-1101 was 6.5 mm compared with CP 72-2086 (6.2 mm) and CP 89-2143 (6.0 mm). None of these cultivars exhibited pubescence on the buds.
The canopies of CP 00-1101 and CP 89-2143 were erect, whereas leaves of CP 72-2086 were ascending with drooping tips. The mean leaf blade lengths and widths of CP 00-1101, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 at the top visible dewlaps were 126 and 5.1 cm, 110 and 3.4 cm, and 123 and 3.3 cm, respectively. Leaf sheaths of CP 00-1101 did not adhere tightly to the stalk, and were mostly smooth, but some had moderate short, stiff pubescence. Leaf sheaths were yellow/red (7.5 YR 7/2) often with reddish (5R 4/8) stripes on older leaves and mostly green/yellow (2.5 GY 8/4) on younger leaves. CP 00-1101, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 leaves exhibited raised midribs on their abaxial sides. The midrib of CP 00-1101 was 5.3 mm wide on the adaxial side where the leaf was 19.4 mm wide. These widths compared with midrib and leaf widths on the adaxial sides of CP 72-2086 (9.0 and 27.1 mm) and CP 89-2143 (6.2 and 24.9 mm). The midrib of CP 00-1101 was the same color as the leaf blade on the abaxial side. On the adaxial side, the midrib of CP 00-1101 had a whitish color that was lighter than the green leaf blade. After scraping off their wax covering, it was apparent that the dewlaps on the upper leaves of mature plants were yellow (5 Y 8/4) and their shape was squarish deltoid. The auricle shape for CP 00-1101 on one side was short lanceolate and straight transitional on the opposite side. The auricles of CP 89-2143 were lanceolate on one side and deltoid on the opposite side, and the auricles of CP 72-2086 were deltoid on both sides. Mean auricle lengths, measured about five nodes below the top visible dewlap for CP 00-1101, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 were 6, 4, and 5 mm, respectively. The crescent with lozenge and linear crescent ligule shapes of CP 00-1101 compared with the broad crescent ligules of CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143. Ligule lengths of CP 00-1101, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143 were 5.4, 5.8, and 6.0 mm, respectively.
Twelve microsatellite primer pairs amplified 148 fragments, ranging from 105 to 380 bp, in CP 00-1101, CP 70-1133, CP 78-1628, CP 72-2086, CP 89-2143, CP 80-1743, and CP 88-1762 (Table 2). Of these fragments, 125 were polymorphic and 23 were monomorphic. Unique fragments were identified for each cultivar, but there were also some overlapping fragments. The number of fragments amplified in CP 00-1101 ranged from 2 (SMC222CG) to 10 (SMC179SA and mSSCIR54). The resulting phenetic tree illustrates that CP 00-1101 is genetically distinct from the six other cultivars (Fig. 1 ).
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Greenhouse inoculations were conducted with leaf scald (2 yr) and mosaic (1 yr) when CP 00-1101 was in Stages 3 and 4. Number of infected CP 00-1101 plants with leaf scald were compared with number of infected plants of CP 80-1743. For mosaic, number of infected plants of CP 00-1101 and CP 72-2086 were compared. CP 80-1743 and CP 72-2086 are at the upper limits of acceptability for commercial production in Florida to leaf scald and mosaic, respectively. In the first year of inoculated tests, 10.2% of CP 00-1101 plants were infected with leaf scald compared with 21.4% for CP 80-1743. In the second year of leaf-scald inoculations, percentages of infected plants were 0 and 50.6 for CP 00-1101 and CP 80-1743, respectively. No plants of CP 00-1101 were infected in inoculation tests with mosaic compared with 19% infected plants of CP 72-2086. Throughout Stages 3 and 4, no plants of CP 00-1101 were identified that were naturally infected with leaf scald or mosaic. On the basis of these inoculated tests and natural infection evaluations, CP 00-1101 was considered to have sufficient resistance to leaf scald and mosaic for commercial production in Florida.
Ratoon stunting disease susceptibility has no level at which commercial production is not acceptable because it can be controlled by use of noninfected planting material. Inoculation tests for RSD susceptibility of CP 00-1101 were conducted from 2001 through 2004. CP 00-1101 was considered resistant to RSD because its mean number of colonized vascular bundles (1.5) in these tests was substantially lower than the overall mean number of vascular bundles (9.5) for CP 72-1210 and ‘CP 80-1827’ (Glaz et al., 1990), both of which are considered moderately susceptible.
Cold Tolerance
To assess cold tolerance, Stage 4 genotypes were subjected to freezing temperatures in two field experiments established at the Hague Farm of the Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences University of Florida, in Hague, near Gainesville, FL. CP 00-1101, along with 13 other Stage 4 genotypes, CP 72-2086, and CP 89-2143, were planted on 22 Feb. 2005 as two randomized complete block experiments with four replications in single-row plots 1.5 m long and 2.4 m apart and with 2.4-m breaks between replications. Five stalk samples were cut for analyses of sucrose content on 13 and 27 January and 15 Mar. 2006. Cold-tolerance rankings were based on temporal deterioration of juice quality in mature stalks after exposure to freezing temperatures. Rankings from 1st to 16th signified best to worst cold tolerance. CP 00-1101 ranked second among 16 genotypes in cold tolerance. CP 72-2086 and CP 89-2143 ranked 12th and 3rd in cold tolerance, respectively.
Availability
In its initial year of release, seed cane of CP 00-1101 will be available from the Florida Sugarcane League, Inc., for commercial planting in Florida. It is not anticipated that patent protection for CP 00-1101 will be sought. Small quantities of seed cane for research purposes may be obtained at the USDA-ARS Sugarcane Field Station, Canal Point, FL, where CP 00-1101 will be maintained for at least 5 yr from the date of this publication.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the advice of Dr. Y.B. Pan in ascertaining the parentage of CP 00-1101.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 3, 2007.
References
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