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a ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
b Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, C.N.R., Via Amendola 122 D, 70126 Bari, Italy
* Corresponding author (R.Malhotra{at}cgiar.org).
Two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm lines, FLIP 2005-8C (Reg. No. GP-273, PI 645462), and FLIP 2005-9C (Reg. No. GP-274, PI 645463) resistant to chickpea cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco and Di Vito) were jointly developed by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria, and the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche (IPP-CNR), Italy, in August 2006.
Chickpea cyst nematode is widely distributed and is an important pest in West Asia, where it often causes severe damage to chickpea. Although nematicides and soil solarization are highly effective for the control of nematodes, they are not economical and so are seldom used. Exploitation of host resistance seems to be the best alternative for control. The evaluation of a large number of chickpea germplasm accessions at ICARDA indicated that cultivated chickpea had no resistance to the chickpea cyst nematode (Di Vito et al., 1988). Thus, we evaluated wild Cicer accessions for cyst nematode resistance as well as Cicer accessions belonging to different species previously observed to possess resistance. Out of these, only one accession, ILWC 292 belonging to C. reticulatum, was crossable with the cultivated chickpea (Singh et al., 1996).
The lines FLIP 2005-8C and FLIP 2005-9C were developed from the cross ILWC 292/ILC 482. One of the parents, ILWC 292, belongs to the annual wild species, C. reticulatum, and is prostrate in growth habit and exhibits purple flowers, purplish leaves and stems, and dehiscent pods. The second parent, ILC 482 is a widely adaptable Kabuli-type cultivar, released by national programs in Algeria, France, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, and Turkey for its superiority (Singh et al., 1992). ILC 482 is high yielding and possesses white flowers, a semi-erect growth habit, and nondehiscent pods. Earlier, we developed two lines, ILC 10765 and ILC 10766, which were resistant to cyst nematode (Malhotra et al., 2002), but they lacked a good agronomic background and seed quality traits. Our efforts, therefore, focused on developing agronomically superior cyst nematode–resistant kabuli lines.
The lines FLIP 2005-8C and FLIP 2005-9C were derived from a cross ILC 482/ILWC 292 that was made in 1992 at Tel Hadya, the main research station of ICARDA, in Aleppo, Syria (36.01° N 36.56o E, 284 m above sea level). The crossed seeds were grown at Terbol in the Bequa'a Valley in Lebanon (33.49° N 35.59° E, 890 m above sea level) in the off-season in 1992 for generation advance. The increased seeds were planted at Tel Hadya in 1993 in a plastic house and screened for resistance to cyst nematode as F2. Out of these, 3 plants were rated 1, and 88 plants were rated 2 on a 0 to 5 root infestation scale (0 = resistant, 5 = susceptible). Seeds from these resistant and agronomically superior plants were selected and hybridized with ILC 482 in a crossing block at Tel Hadya in 1994. The crossed seeds (F0) were advanced to the F1 generation in the off-season in Terbol in 1994. The increased seeds were planted in a plastic house at Tel Hadya and screened as F2 BC1 seeds in 1995, and 13 plants with a resistant reaction were selected. The seeds obtained from these plants were increased in the off-season at Terbol as F3 and were brought to Tel Hadya and screened in a plastic house in 1996 as F4, where 42 plants showed a resistant reaction. Among these, 17 plants with good agronomic background were planted for further screening as F5 in a plastic house during 1997, but due to poor development of cyst nematode population, the screening was not effective. The process of screening continued until the F8 generation in 2000, when resistant plants were selected and their seed increased as progeny rows (in F9) under field conditions at Tel Hadya during 2001 and 2002. Along with other lines, the bulked lines from these progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications in a cyst nematode infested plot at Tel Hadya during 2003, 2004, and 2005. Two lines, FLIP 2005-8C and FLIP 2005-9C, were rated 2 to 4 on a 1 to 9 scale (1 = resistant, 9 = susceptible) based on symptoms visible in aerial plant parts due to nematode attack on the roots. FLIP 2005-8C took 66 d to flower and 98 d to mature; it exhibited plant height of 32 cm and seed weight of 24 g 100–1, with cyst nematode reaction of 3 on a scale of 1 to 9 under field conditions. FLIP 2005-9C took 71 d to flower and 103 d to mature, and it exhibited plant height of 25 cm and seed weight of 28 g 100–1, with cyst nematode reaction of 4 on a scale of 1 to 9 under field condition. Both these lines possessed white flowers and beige color Kabuli-type ram-head shaped seeds.
Screening under controlled conditions was done following a nondestructive procedure similar to that described by Wyatt and Fassulliotis (1979), and nematode infestation was assessed according to a 0 to 5 scale (where 0 = no visible females and/or cysts on the roots of individual plants, 1 = 1–2 females and/or cysts, 2 = 3–5 females and/or cysts, 3 = 6–20 females and/or cysts, 4 = 20–50 females and/or cysts, and 5 = >50 females and/or cysts). The plants with a 0 and 1 rating were termed as highly resistant, and plants with a 2 rating were termed as resistant. Screening under field conditions was done following a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 = highly resistant (no visible symptoms and plants are healthy) and 9 = highly susceptible (no pods, no yield). Seed of these lines is being maintained by the Integrated Gene Management Program of ICARDA, and small quantities can be obtained on request for use in breeding programs. After 5 yr from the date of this registration article, seed can also be obtained from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System. Recipients are asked to recognize the source, if it contributes to the development of a cultivar or germplasm or is used for other research purposes.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication September 12, 2006.
References
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