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a Eastern Agric. Res. Ctr., Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Sidney, MT 59270
b Williston Res. Ext. Ctr., North Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn., Williston, ND 58801
c Northern Agric. Res. Ctr., Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Havre, MT 59901
d Central Agric. Res. Ctr., Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Moccasin, MT 59462
e Southern Agric. Res. Ctr. Montana Agric. Exp. Stn. Huntley, MT 59037
* Corresponding author (jerry.bergman{at}ars.usda.gov).
‘Nutrasaff’ safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) (Reg. No. CV-27, PI 636440) was developed at the Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Sidney, MT, in cooperation with the Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Williston, ND. Nutrasaff was released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2004. This cultivar was released as a specialty high linoleic acid content, high oil content, high protein variety to be used as a whole-seed nutritional feed supplement for beef and dairy cattle, poultry, fish, and the bird food markets and as a food and industrial source of high linoleic oil. Nutrasaff was tested as 91B3842 and derived from a single F11 plant selection from a 1981 multicross involving USB, PI 195895, Cargill 1653, Sidney Selection 87-42-3, and S-541 x a multicross involving Sidney Selection 87-42-3, AC-1, Sidney Selection 88-74-2, N-10, Mexican dwarf-2, ol35-1, PCM-1, and Arizona pigmentless.
USB is a normal hull linoleic acid oil type cultivar with resistance to Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker) (Thomas and Zimmer, 1971). Cargill 1653 is a white normal hull linoleic acid oil type selection made in California by Cargill, Inc. Sidney Selection 87-42-3 and Sidney Selection 88-74-2 are 1965 selections made at Sidney, MT, for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot (caused by Alternaria carthami Chowdhury) (Bergman et al., 1989b). These selections were made from the 1964 bulk composite of 555 safflower introductions from the 1960 world safflower collection. S-541 was developed by Seedtec International, Woodland, CA, and is a striped hull, linoleic acid oil variety. AC-1 is a linoleic acid oil type cultivar with a purple-striped hull and high seed oil content developed at the University of Arizona. N-10 is a white normal hull linoleic acid oil variety developed and released by the Nebraska Experiment Station in 1953 as an early-maturing variety (Williams, 1964). Mexican dwarf-2 is a dwarf mutant selection of Indian origin obtained from the USDA world collection in 1972–1973 season in Valle del Furte, Sinaloa, Mexico. ol35-1 is an oleic acid oil type selected for reduced hull content made in 1974 by the USDA-ARS at Shafter, CA. PCM-1 is a rust (caused by Puccinia carthami Corda) resistant F3 selection released by the USDA-ARS, Logan, UT, in 1970 from the cross PI195895 x Frio and possesses the M gene for resistance to both seedling and foliage rust (Zimmer and Urie, 1970). Arizona pigmentless is an experimental line obtained in 1980 from Dr. D. Rubis, Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, with the pigmentless gene (pp), which prevents the formation of the pigmented melanin layer in the pericarp of the seed.
Recurrent selection for high seed oil content, high meal protein content, reduced hull content, high linoleic acid fatty acid composition, and Alternaria leaf spot resistance was practiced in the breeding of Nutrasaff. Individual plant selections were made during the F2 to F8 generations.
Gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil in each generation to select for oil with more than 750 g kg–1 linoleic fatty acid. Nutrasaff was developed and released for production in Montana and other northern Great Plains states to provide a specialty non-GMO, high linoleic safflower oil and reduced hull cultivar having a higher seed oil content, higher seed protein content, and lower whole seed fiber content than other safflower varieties.
In addition to its suitability for edible and health food uses, Nutrasaff has market potential as a high-end nutrition whole-seed supplement to enrich livestock, poultry, fish, and pet food diets with high levels of linoleic acid, protein, and oil. As a whole-seed ruminant animal livestock supplement, rich in linoleic acid, Nutrasaff increases conjugated linoleic (CLA) content of its meat products, with possible human health benefits associated with increased CLA intake (Kott et al., 2003).
In replicated yield tests during the 2004–2006 period under dryland and irrigated conditions at Sidney, MT, Nutrasaff was similar in plant height to ‘Finch’ (Bergman et al., 1989a) and ‘Centennial’ (Bergman et al., 2001) safflower. Based on field disease ratings during this same period, Nutrasaff appears moderately resistant to Alternaria leaf spot and Pseudomonas bacterial blight. Disease ratings indicate improved resistance to Alternaria leaf spot compared with Centennial and Finch safflower and similar bacterial blight resistance to Centennial safflower.
Nutrasaff plants have spines on the leaf tips and along leaf margins and involveral bracts. The flower color is yellow in the bud and full bloom stages. Upon drying, the flower color is orange. The seed of Nutrasaff has a predominantly purple-brown reduced hull. Seed averages 34 g per 1000 seeds, 3.4 mm in width, and 7.6 mm in length. The fatty acid composition of Nutrasaff during the 2002–2003 period averaged 97 g kg–1 total saturated fatty acids, 103 g kg–1 oleic fatty acid, and 785 g kg–1 linoleic fatty acid. Nutrasaff is classified as medium early (120 d) in maturity, similar to Finch and 2 d earlier than Centennial safflower.
The whole seed content of Nutrasaff during the 2002–2003 period averaged 497 g kg–1 seed oil content, 200 g kg–1 protein content, and 138 g kg–1 fiber compared with 377 g kg–1 seed oil content, 159 g kg–1 protein content, and 242 g kg–1 fiber for Finch, and 392 g kg–1 seed oil content, 166 g kg–1 protein content, and 219 g kg–1 fiber for Centennial.
In dryland trials at Sidney during the 2004–2006 period, Nutrasaff yielded an average of 1706 kg ha–1 with a test weight of 29.2 kg hl –1 and a seed oil content of 483 g kg–1, compared with 1844 kg ha–1, 31.2 kg hL–1, and 431 g kg–1, respectively, for Centennial, and 1693 kg ha –1, 34.6 kg hl –1, and 370 g kg –1 for Finch.
In irrigated trials at Sidney during the 2003–2006 period, Nutrasaff yielded an average of 3232 kg ha–1 with a test weight of 30.0 kg hL–1 and a seed oil content of 474 g kg –1 compared with 2160 kg ha –1, 29.9 kg hL–1, and a seed oil content of 416 g kg–1, respectively, for Centennial, and 2839 kg ha–1, 33.8 kg hL–1, and 374 g kg –1 for Finch.
Breeder and Foundation seed will be maintained by the Foundation Seed Stocks Committee, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. Limited seed of Nutrasaff for research purposes is available on request from the corresponding author for at least five years. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Nutrasaff under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act has been granted (PVP Certificate No. 200500036). The cultivar shall only be sold as a class of Certified seed. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after the expiry of the Plant Variety Protection for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 27, 2006.
References
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