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a Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Harrow, ON, Canada N0R 1G0
b AAFC Morden Research Station, Morden, MB, Canada R6M 1Y5
* Corresponding author (parks{at}agr.gc.ca).
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar ‘Kippen’ navy bean (Reg. No. CV-278, PI 648356) was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre (AAFC GPCRC), Harrow, ON, Canada. It was tested as HR100-2363 for registration in 1999–2000 and for performance in 2001–2003 in the Ontario Cooperative Cultivar Registration (OCCRT) and Performance White Bean Cultivar Trials. Kippen has high yield potential and is moderately resistant to common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye. It is an early-maturing cultivar in the early- to midseason maturity areas in southwestern Ontario. It was supported for registration in 2000 by the Ontario Pulse Committee. Kippen was registered by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Variety Registration Office (Reg. No. 5981) on 31 Aug. 2005.
Kippen was selected from the cross HR40-1285/HR45-1445 made in the fall of 1992 at the GPCRC. HR40-1285 is derived from the cross ‘Crestwood’/HR14-818 made in 1986 and was used for its good canning quality and upright plant type, which was derived from the early-maturing semideterminate upright germplasm line HR14-818 (Park and Welacky, 1992). HR45-1445 is a selection from the cross HR13-621*2///XAN159/HR13-621 made in 1987. HR45 was common bacterial blight-resistant upright germplasm developed at AAFC-GPCRC and released as germplasm in 1994 (Park and Dhanvantari, 1994). HR13-621 has good agronomic characteristics with upright plant type and high yield potential.
The F1 hybrids were grown in the greenhouse in the spring of 1993. Bulk populations in F2 and F3 were advanced in field nurseries at Harrow in 1993 and 1994. Then, 19 F4 plant rows were grown in the pedigree nursery and tested for CBB in 1995, and a line PN67629 was selected in bulk and tested as W2363-67629. It was selected for early maturity, upright growth due to a semideterminate growth habit (IIa), high yield potential, and resistance to CBB. This line was tested in a preliminary yield trial and blight nursery in 1996 and in advanced performance trials in 1997–1998. The line was planted in an isolation plot for purification and multiplication of seed in 1997.
Kippen was tested as HR100-2363 for cultivar registration in the Ontario Cultivar Registration Trials according to the guidelines set by the Ontario Pulse Committee. The trials were conducted by the University of Guelph (Elora and Woodstock), Kemptville and Ridgetown (Kippen and Brussels) Colleges of the University of Guelph, and AAFC-GPCRC, Harrow, ON (St. Thomas). Cooking quality was tested at the GPCRC quality lab in Harrow by taste panel evaluation for appearance, flavor, texture; canned bean color was measured as reflectance of luminosity using a Hunter Labscan colorimeter (Hunter Assoc. Laboratories, Reston, VA). Hydration coefficients, percent solid/drain weight, and yield of canned beans based on the number of 227-g (8-oz) cans filled with blanched beans (160 mL) from 1 kg of dry beans were measured. Texture of the canned beans was measured by the Instron texture measurement system for firmness and plateau force (Voisey, 1971). Tests for resistance to anthracnose caused by Collectotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib. and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) were conducted under controlled conditions by artificial inoculation at GPCRC. Screening for CBB resistance was conducted by artificial inoculation in growth rooms and also field nurseries. Kippen was also tested in Manitoba narrow-row performance trials at Threherne, Thornhill, Arborg, Boisservain, and Biscarth, MB, in 2000 and 2001 by AAFC Morden Research Station, Morden, MB.
Kippen has high yield potential as an early-maturing cultivar in the early- to mid-season maturity areas in southwestern Ontario, where it is recommended for areas with 2600 or greater crop heat unit (CHU) accumulation (Brown, 1993). It yielded 2750 kg ha–1, which was similar to the average (2745 kg ha–1) of four check cultivars, ‘Pilot’, ‘Envoy’, ‘AC Compass’, and ‘Avanti’, in 17 trials between 1999 and 2003. AC Compass outyielded Kippen by about 320 kg ha–1. It matured in 91 d, about 2 d later than the checks in 16 trials.
In eight Manitoba narrow row trials conducted at five sites during 2001–2002, Kippen yielded 2690 kg ha–1, 108 kg ha–1 more than the check Envoy (2582 kg ha–1). Kippen matured in 100 d after seeding and 5 d earlier than Envoy (105 d). Seed size was 19.5 g 100 seeds –1 compared with 24.4 g for Envoy. Kippen was taller (52 cm) than Envoy (43 cm), a short determinate bush type (I), in Manitoba trials. Kippen has semideterminate growth habit (IIa) with a very upright plant type. It has much higher pod bearing nodes, with 80% not touching the ground, compared with 69% for Envoy. Therefore, harvest loss is less than Envoy in direct harvest due to improved harvestability. Kippen has good lodging resistance compared with Envoy in both wide rows (1.5 vs. 2.5) in Ontario trials and in narrow rows (1.0 vs. 2.3) in Manitoba trials using a 1 to 5 scale where 1 = erect and 5 = over 50% of plants in a plot lodged.
Kippen has acceptable cooking and canning quality in comparison with four checks, Envoy, ‘OAC Thunder’, Avanti, and ‘OAC Gryphon’; it has better canning quality with an organoleptic score of 8.5 compared with 7.8 for Envoy on a scale of 1 for unacceptably poor to 15 for most acceptable; however, the overall check score was 9.0. Kippen yielded 14.4 227-g (8-oz) cans from 1 kg of dry beans, equal to the average of the checks (14.3 cans). Hydration coefficient and washed-drain weight of solids for Kippen were 1.95 and 66.2%, respectively. These values were very similar to the check averages of 1.85 and 66.9%. Percent solids were much higher than the required weight of 60%, indicating that retaining solids of beans canned in tomato sauce was very good and acceptable commercially. Canned beans of Kippen have a firmer texture than the checks. Canned bean texture for Kippen was acceptable based on a firmness score of 19.4 N mm–1 and plateau force of 289 N, which were slightly greater than the average values of the check cultivars, 17.9 N mm–1 and 269 N, respectively.
Kippen is resistant to bean common mosaic virus race 1 and 15. It is also moderately resistant to common bacterial blight in the field as shown by the blight score of 2.6 for Kippen and 4.7 for an average of four susceptible checks, Envoy (4.8), OAC Thunder (4.5), OAC Gryphon (4.5) and Dresden (4.8) on a scale of 1 = <5% of plant canopy infection and 5 = >75% of canopy infection. It is susceptible to anthracnose races 17 (alpha) and 23 (delta). It is moderately resistant to white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Kippen has green hypocotyls and white flowers. Pods are light tan colored with absence/slight ventral curvature and short straight beaks when ripe. Seeds are oval shaped with dull seed coat luster with white hilum. It has semideterminate growth habit (IIa) resulting in a very upright plant type with short vine suited for narrow bean production and direct combine harvest.
Breeder seed will be maintained by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre, Harrow, ON N0R 1G0. Pedigreed seed will be distributed through Advantage Seed Growers and Processing, Inc., 323 Havelock St., P.O. Box 29, Lucknow, ON N0G 2H0. Limited quantities of seed for research purpose may be obtained on request from the corresponding author. Recipients of seed are asked to make appropriate recognition of the source of cultivar if it is used to develop a new cultivar, germplasm, genetic stock, or parental line.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge T. Michaels and T. Smith, University of Guelph, C. Gillard, Ridgetown College, and J. Madill, Kemptville College, for conducting the Ontario Cooperative White Bean Cultivar Trials, D. Jessop for processing quality testing, and financial support provided by the Ontario White Bean Producers' Marketing Board, and Manitoba Pulse Grower's Association for testing narrow row performance trials in Manitoba.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication January 10, 2007.
References
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