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a The Hermitage Research Station, 604 Yangan Rd., Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia
b Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
c Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
* Corresponding author (richard.horsley{at}ndsu.edu).
‘Rawson’ two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Reg. No. CV-333, PI 643149) was developed by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) in cooperation with USDA-ARS and released in July 2005. Rawson was named after the town Rawson, located in McKenzie County in northwestern North Dakota.
Rawson was derived from the cross ND15403-3/ND15368//ND16453, which was made in spring 1998 in the greenhouse. Rawson was tested as ND19119-2 and was developed using a modified-pedigree breeding method. ND19119-2 was derived from a single plant selection made in the F6 generation. ND16453 (ND13162-2/‘Logan’ sib//‘Mejorana’) is a large seeded selection with moderate resistance to net blotch (caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs.); spot blotch [caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker]; barley leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei Otth); and septoria speckled leaf blotch (caused by Septoria passerinii Sacc.). Mejorana was tested previously in the USA as the breeding line PC 84 (PI 584764) from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)/International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) barley breeding program in Mexico and is the likely source of septoria speckled leaf blotch resistance in Rawson. ND15403-3 (Logan sib/ND13297) is an early maturing, low-protein selection with resistance to net and spot blotch. ND15368 is a net blotch resistant line from ND13083/ND13100. ND13297 is from the cross ‘Harrington’//ND4758/M37/3/‘Bowman’/4/ND5835/5/ND7819/Bowman/6/AC ‘Oxbow’ (Harvey and Rossnagel, 1984; Franckowiak et al., 1985; Government of Canada, 2006). ND13162-2 is from the cross ND7015//ND7534/Bowman/3/ND8763/Bowman. ND13100 is from the cross CIho 9214/3/Bowman sib//‘Mazurka’ (PI 399501)/ND5698/4/ND8763/Bowman. The pedigree of ND13083 is ND7819/Bowman/3/ND3715/ND4064//ND7085. ND8763 is from the cross Harrington//ND5692/‘Robust’ (Rasmusson and Wilcoxson, 1983); ND7819 is from ‘Klages’/ND3103//ND2678-7/5/‘Karl’/4/‘Vanguard’ 2*/3/ND1351 (Wesenberg et al., 1974; Wesenberg et al., 1976; Nilan and Muir, 1973). ND7534 is from ‘Fairfield’//ND4883/‘CM 72’ (Wells, 1976; Schaller et al., 1977); ND7085 is from ND1244/ND2678//‘Hector’/3/‘Multum’ (PI 399503)/ND1351//Karl (Wells, 1973); ND7015 is from the cross ‘Domen’ (CIho 9566)//‘Zephyr’ (PI 339815)/‘Bonanza’/3/ND2685/‘Manker’//Hector (Wolfe et al., 1980; Rasmusson and Banttari, 1975); ND5835 is from ‘Pauline’ (HOR 4987)/Karl; ND5698 is from ND2679/7118–702–10//Fairfield; ND5692 is from ND2679/7118–702–10//‘Summit’ (PI 494009); ND4758 is from Klages//Vanguard/ND1351; ND4883 is from Klages/ND1351; ND4064 is from ‘Coho’ (CIho 13852)//‘Kristina’ (NGB 1500)/Bonanza; and ND2678, ND2679, and ND2685 are from the cross Klages//‘Fergus’ (CIho 13797)/‘Nordic’ (Peterson et al., 1973b). Bonanza, CM 72, Karl, M37 (Manker/Karl//M18), Mejorana (Mola"S"/4/Brea"S"/DL70//Mozdosky/3/Nopal"S"/5/79W40762/6/Gloria"S"/Copal"S"), Manker, Nordic, ND1244 [H316 (CIho 13944)/NDB130 (CIho 15865)], ND1351 (H316/NDB137//Bonanza), ND3103 (Bonanza//ND1133/‘Beacon’) (Peterson et al., 1973a), ND3715 (NDB130//ND1133/‘Conquest’) (Johnston, 1966), and Robust are six-rowed spring barley genotypes. ND1133 is a six-rowed line with the pedigree H316/NDB130 and the pedigree of H316 is unknown. AC Oxbow (TR223/Wpg8020//Wpg823/TR222), Coho, Domen, Fairfield, Fergus, Harrington, Hector, Klages, Kristina, Mazurka, Multum, Pauline, Summit, TR222 [‘Ellice’ (PI 503880)/3/‘Elrose’/TR201//TR207], TR223 (Ellice/3/Harrington//‘Norbert’/TR210) (Metcalfe and Bendelow, 1981), Vanguard, Zephyr, and 7118-702-10 [‘Betzes’ (PI 129430)//CIho 5791/2* ‘Parkland’/3/Betzes/‘Piroline’/4/‘Akka’ (PI 343723)/5/‘Centennial’] (Johnston, 1965; McKay, 1969; Johnson, 1969) are two-rowed spring barley genotypes.
Rawson has long rachilla hairs; lemma vein barbs are present, and the awns are semi-rough. The covered kernels are mid-long and have a white hull and white aleurone. Glumes are one-half the length of the lemma, the glume awn is equal to the length of the glume, and glume hairs are long and restricted to the middle. The spike is waxy, medium-short, semi-dense, strap shaped, and erect before maturation. Rawson is medium-tall and has good spike exertion, a closed collar, and a straight neck. Leaves are waxy and dark green in color. In a trial at Fargo, the leaf blade of the leaf below the flag leaf averaged 20 cm long and 13 mm wide. Rawson seedlings do not show a strong red pigmentation of the stem or at the base of the seedling and flag leaves are upright at the boot stage.
Rawson heads nearly 3 d later than ‘Conlon’ and averages about 2 cm taller based on 24 trials grown from 2000 to 2004 in North Dakota. Conlon is a two-rowed malting barley cultivar released by the NDAES in 1995 that is adapted for production in western North Dakota. Rawson is moderately tolerant to lodging and post-maturity straw breakage. In seven trials where lodging was recorded using a 1–9 scale where 1 = no lodging and 9 = severe lodging, Rawson had a lodging score of 3.9 vs. 3.7 for Conlon and 2.6 for the six-rowed check ‘Drummond’ (Horsley et al., 2002). The average yield of Rawson (3987 kg ha–1) was similar to that of Conlon (3884 kg ha–1) and Drummond (4046 kg ha–1), on the basis of 24 ND trials grown from 2000 to 2004. The kernels of Rawson were nearly 10% larger than those of Conlon, 51.3 vs. 46.7 mg kernel–1 in 19 trials grown from 2000 to 2005. The kernels of Rawson averaged the same length as those of Conlon (8.95 ± 0.56 and 8.91 ± 0.70 mm), but they were a little wider (4.00 ± 0.26 and 3.75 ± 0.27 mm) in seed lots grown at Aberdeen, ID in 2003. The test weight of Rawson (64.4 kg hl–1) in 15 North Dakota trials averaged nearly 2 kg hl–1 lower than that of Conlon (66.2 kg hl–1) because the adherence of the hull to the caryopsis is relatively poor. The loose hull character will preclude large scale use of Rawson for malting and brewing.
Based on greenhouse tests done on seedling plants, Rawson possesses resistance to North Dakota isolates of spot blotch and net blotch, and pathotypes of P. hordei and Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn. that cause barley leaf rust and wheat stem rust of barley, respectively, in the upper Midwest and Northern Great Plains of the USA. On the basis of field observations, Rawson shows an intermediate reaction to field isolates of powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. hordei Ém. Marchal], stripe rust (caused by P. striiformis Westend f. sp. hordei), septoria speckled leaf blotch, and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). Rawson is susceptible to wheat stem rust pathotype Pgt-QCC; loose smut [caused by Ustilago nuda (C.N. Jenson) Rostr.]; and covered smut [caused by U. hordei (Pers.) Lagerh]. Rawson has a moderately susceptible reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, but has relatively low values for accumulation of the associated toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON).
Micromalting quality analyses conducted by the USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI on seed samples grown in North Dakota from 2000 to 2005 indicated that Rawson has larger kernels, lower grain protein 126 vs. 133 g kg–1, higher malt extract 810 vs. 796 g kg–1, and lower diastatic power values 97 vs. 125°ASBC (degrees American Society of Brewing Chemist), and higher wort nitrogen levels 62.4 vs. 52.2 g kg–1 compared to Conlon. Rawson was compared to Conlon for malt quality by the American Malting Barley Association, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI) and was classified as a nonmalting barley due to its poor hull retention. The low grain protein trait of Rawson may have been inherited from Logan and its progenitor Karl.
Breeder seed will be maintained by the Seedstocks Project, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105. Small quantities of Rawson seed can be obtained from the corresponding author for at least five years from the date of publication. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after five years for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. It is requested that appropriate recognition be made if this germplasm contributes to the development of new germplasm or cultivars.
Footnotes
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Received for publication October 17, 2006.
References
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