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a 106 Curtis Hall, Division of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
b 107 Curtis Hall, Division of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
* Corresponding author (mckendrya{at}missouri.edu).
‘Bess’ soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. No. CV-1007, PI 642794) was developed by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station and released in July 2005. Bess originated from the cross MO 11769/‘Madison’, which was made in 1990. MO 11769 was from the cross ‘Kawvale’/‘Vigo’//‘Directeur Journee’/3/W7510/4/‘NS 314’/‘Stoddard’. W7510 is a full sib of ‘Hart’. NS 314 was developed at Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, from the cross U1/Selkirk//San Pastore/3/Mara. The F1 through F3 generations were advanced in the field at the Bradford Agricultural Research Center near Columbia, MO, using the bulk breeding method with no selection. In 1993, F3–derived F4 selections were made based on maturity, height, general disease resistance, and overall plant architecture. Selections were advanced using the pedigree method in 1-m head-rows in 1994 and 1995. During the summer of 1995, head-row 11010 was bulked and entered into preliminary yield testing in 1996 as the F5–derived F7 line MO 960304. MO 960304 was variable for height and maturity and was reselected in 1996. Bess is an F7–derived F8 reselection from MO 960304. It was grown in an individual head row in 1997, hand harvested, and re-entered as an F9 line in preliminary yield testing in 1998. Bess (tested as MO 981020) is an early maturing, slightly shorter full-sib of ‘Truman’ (McKendry et al., 2005a). Bess was released for its high grain yield, good test weight, early maturity, and broad-based resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; telomorph: Gibberella zeae (Schweinitz) Petch]. The name Bess was chosen to recognize Bess Truman, wife of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States.
Bess is a white-chaffed, awnletted, soft red winter wheat with midlong, middense, tapered spikes that are recurved at maturity. The coleoptiles are white and anthers are purple. Glumes are white, midlong, and midwide with an oblique, midwide shoulder and a midwide, acute beak. Kernels of Bess are soft, red, ovate, midlong (ranging from 6.5 to 7.0 mm) with rounded cheeks and a narrow, middeep crease. The brush is midsized with midlong hairs and has no collar. The germ is midsized.
Bess was tested in the Missouri Winter Wheat Performance Trials from 2003 through 2005 (McKendry et al., 2005b) and in the USDA-ARS Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery (UESRWWN) in 2003 and 2004 (harvest years). Testing in Missouri indicates that Bess is a moderately early variety, heading approximately 6 d earlier than Truman, 1 d earlier than ‘AgriPro Foster’ and ‘Roane’, and 2 d later than ‘Ernie’. Heading date for Bess is approximately equal to ‘AgriPro Patton’. Bess is moderately tall, averaging 94 cm over 21 location-years of testing in Missouri. It is 4 cm, 6 cm, and 9 cm taller than ‘Pioneer variety 25R47’, Roane, and Ernie, respectively and is approximately 4 cm shorter than Truman. Bess has moderately good straw strength and stands well in most environments. When scored on a scale of 1 (erect) to 9 (flat) under conditions of heavy lodging pressure, lodging of Bess (score = 5) was slightly poorer than both Truman (score = 4) and Roane (score = 4) but was better than Ernie (score = 6). Over locations of the 2003 and 2004 UESRWWN, Bess had good winterhardiness that was approximately equal to Roane.
Across 21 location-years of Missouri testing, the average yield of Bess was 4468 kg ha–1 compared with the top yielding cultivar Pioneer variety 25R47 which averaged 4992 kg ha–1. During the same period, the mean yield of Truman was 4603 kg ha–1 while Roane and Ernie averaged 4267 kg ha–1 and 3803 kg ha–1, respectively. The average grain volume weight of Bess was 750 kg m–3 which was 5 kg m–3, 13 kg m–3 and 28 kg m–3 higher than those of Truman, 25R47, and Ernie, respectively, and 11 kg m–3 lower than that of Roane.
Across 35 locations of the UESRWWN in 2003, Bess had a mean yield of 5234 kg ha–1, compared with average yields of 5261 kg ha–1 for Roane, 5059 kg ha–1 for AgriPro Patton, and 4737 kg ha–1 for AgriPro Foster, the check varieties in this nursery. Across 27 locations of the UESRWWN in 2004, Bess had a mean yield of 5315 kg ha–1 compared with mean yields of 5214 kg ha–1, 5093 kg ha–1, and 4898 kg ha–1 for Roane, AgriPro Patton, and AgriPro Foster, respectively. The average grain volume weight for Bess in the 2003 UESRWWN was 727 kg m–3, which was 22 kg m–3 and 24 kg m–3 higher than those of AgriPro Foster and AgriPro Patton, respectively, and 14 kg m–3 lower than that of Roane. In the 2004 nursery, Bess averaged 744 kg m–3, which was 21 kg m–3 and 17 kg m–3 higher than those of AgriPro Patton and AgriPro Foster, respectively, and 14 kg m–3 lower than that of Roane.
Bess was evaluated for resistance to FHB in both the 2001 and 2002 Northern Uniform Winter Wheat Scab Nurseries. Mean disease reactions across nine locations in 2001 and 13 locations in 2002 indicated that Bess has broad-based FHB resistance that is similar to the FHB resistance in Truman. In 2001 Bess had low ratings for all measures of resistance including low disease severity (13.6%), low disease incidence (41.3%), a low disease index (9.5%) determined as incidence x severity/100, low deoxynivalenol (DON) (5.8 mg kg–1), and a low percentage of scabby seed (11.8%) in diseased heads compared with the susceptible nursery check, ‘Pioneer variety 2545’, which had high disease severity (39.8%), high disease incidence (71.4%), a high disease index (40.7%), higher DON (16.2 mg kg–1), and a high percentage of scabby seed (26.8%). Under greenhouse inoculation, Bess had low disease spread (16.8%) compared with the susceptible nursery check Pioneer variety 2545 (55.8%). Of 49 entries tested in 2001, Bess was one of only two entries with low scores for all measures of disease assessment. The other entry was Truman. In 2002, Bess again had low scores on all disease resistance measures including low disease severity (23.5%), low disease incidence (37.2%), low disease index (15.9%), low DON (10.1 mg kg–1), and a low percentage of scabby seed (11.0%) compared with the susceptible nursery check Pioneer variety 2545, which had high disease severity (38.3%), high disease incidence (59.1%), a high disease index (28.4%), high DON (23.8 mg kg–1), and a high percentage of scabby seed (34.2%). Under greenhouse inoculation, Bess had low disease spread (19.8%) compared with the susceptible nursery check Pioneer variety 2545 (52.1%).
In most environments, Bess is moderately susceptible to both leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and stem rust (caused by P. graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.). Seedling tests conducted at the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory at St. Paul, MN, indicated that Bess possesses no known genes for resistance to either pathogen. Bess is, however, moderately resistant to stripe rust (score = 17% of the flag leaf), (caused by P. striiformis Westend.) compared to the susceptible variety AgriPro Patton (85% of the flag leaf). Based on disease assessment scores reported in the 2003 and 2004 UESRWWN on a scale ranging from 0 to 9 (where 0 = no visible disease symptoms and 9 = severe infection), Bess is moderately susceptible (score = 3–5) to Septoria leaf blotch [caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückel) Schroeter (anamorph: Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz.)], moderately resistant to Wheat soilborne mosaic virus (score = 1–4), moderately susceptible to Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (score = 3–5), moderately susceptible to Barley yellow dwarf virus (score = 4), and susceptible to powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Ém. Marchal]. Seedling tests conducted by the USDA-ARS at West Lafayette, IN, indicate that Bess is susceptible to Hessian fly [caused by Mayetiola destructor (Say)] biotypes B, C, D, E, and L.
End-use quality was evaluated by the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory at Wooster, OH, in the UESRWWN Advanced Nursery Evaluations in 2003 and 2004. In 2003, data for baking quality traits of Bess included softness equivalent (52.4 g kg–1), flour protein (8.84 g kg–1), lactic acid (106.3 g kg–1), cookie diameter (17.8 cm), and top grain score (3) which resulted in an overall baking quality score of 59.4 that was 91% of the standard, AgriPro Foster and 101% of ‘Caldwell’. Flour yield was 70.6 g kg–1 and the overall milling quality score of 72.5 was 86% of AgriPro Foster and 94% of Caldwell. In 2004, data for baking and milling quality traits included softness equivalent (53.9 g kg–1), flour protein (9.1 g kg–1), lactic acid (104.8 g kg–1), cookie diameter (17.6 cm), top grain score (4), and flour yield (70.0 g kg–1). The overall baking quality score for Bess (52.7) was 80.2% of the 2004 standard Caldwell and 79% of AgriPro Foster, while the milling quality score (58.1) was 82% of Caldwell and 73% of AgriPro Foster. Over years of testing in the Missouri breeding program, the milling quality of Bess has been significantly better than Ernie while the baking quality is significantly poorer.
Seed of Bess was increased from 0.3 ha grown at the Bradford Agricultural Research Center in 2003 that was rogued for purity several times throughout the crop season. Less than one percent variants were observed. Variants included those that had a lax head with tip awns, were tall and awnletted with light green heads, were blue-green and awnletted, or were short and awned. In 2004, 0.2 ha of pure seed was planted for the development of breeder seed and was again rogued to remove variant plants. Authorized seed classes are Breeder, Foundation, and Certified. Breeder and Foundation seed will be maintained by the Foundation Seed Organization, of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.
U.S. Plant Variety Protection (PVP) for Bess will be filed under Title V. All seed requests should be sent to the corresponding author during the period of Protection by the PVP Certificate. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System where it will be available after the PVP expires for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. It is requested that appropriate recognition be made if this germplasm contributes to the development of new germplasm or cultivars.
Footnotes
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Received for publication June 19, 2006.
References
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