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a Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140
b Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Hwy. 2, Williston, ND 58801
c Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270
d Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90 Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
e Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Hwy., Huntley, MT 59037
f Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409
g Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425
h Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
i USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Lab., 1551 Lindig St., St. Paul, MN 55108-6052
j USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
* Corresponding author (bruckner{at}montana.edu).
‘Yellowstone’ (Reg. No. CV-1012, PI 643428) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in September 2005. Yellowstone was released for its high yield potential and broad adaptation to Montana winter wheat production environments. Yellowstone was named in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark expedition. William Clark explored the Yellowstone River of Montana, spanning the state from the continental divide near Yellowstone Park to its confluence with the Missouri River in western North Dakota, in 1806, during the return voyage of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Yellowstone was selected from a composite of F2 seed from two closely related populations: ‘Promontory’ (PI 555458; Hole et al., 1995)/‘Judith’ (PI 584526; Taylor et al., 1995) and Judith-dwarf/Promontory. The initial crosses were made in 1993, the F1 populations were grown in the field during 1994, and the composite F2 spaced-plant population was grown at Fort Ellis, MT, in 1995. The F3 bulk population was planted at Sidney, MT, in 1996. Winter survival of F3 populations was extremely low, and only seven plants were harvested from the composite bulk population. In 1997 the seven F3:4 plant rows were grown in Bozeman, MT, and 93X542c-C6 was selected based on visual criteria for uniformity, productivity, and acceptable agronomic type and harvested in bulk after reselection of seven individual heads from the row. An F5 reselection headrow, 93X542c-C6-6, was selected at Fort Ellis in 1998 and harvested in bulk. 93X542c-C6-6 was subsequently tested in the 1999 Single Rep Observation Nursery B (SROB) grown at Bozeman and Fort Ellis. In 2000 93X542c-C6-6 was assigned experimental number MT00159 and subsequently evaluated in the MT Preliminary B yield trial (2000), the MT Advanced yield trial (2001), the Montana Intrastate trial (2002–2006), the Montana Off-station trial (2003–2006), and the USDA Northern Regional Performance Nursery (NRPN, 2004). Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2000. MT00159 was named Yellowstone in 2006.
Yellowstone is an awned, white-chaffed, medium maturity, intermediate height hard red winter wheat with good winter hardiness and high yield potential in Montana. Yellowstone has medium maturity, 165.0 d to heading from 1 January (n = 29), later (LSD0.05 = 0.7d) than Promontory (163.6d) and ‘CDC Falcon’ (PI 619610; 163.6d) and slightly earlier than ‘Neeley’ (CItr 17860; 166.2d) and ‘Pryor’ (PI 634564; 165.9d). Yellowstone is relatively tall (85 cm, n = 30), shorter than Neeley (89 cm; LSD0.05 = 2 cm) but taller than CDC Falcon (76 cm), Pryor (79 cm), and Promontory (83 cm). Coleoptile length of Yellowstone (69 mm, n = 4) is relatively short, shorter than Neeley (84 mm; LSD0.05 = 5 mm) and similar to Promontory, Pryor, and CDC Falcon (66–69 mm). Yellowstone has excellent straw strength and has occasionally lodged only under irrigated, high-yield management systems. Winter survival in 10 trials showing differential survival was 60% for Yellowstone compared with CDC Falcon (63%, LSD0.05 = 8%), Pryor (55%), Neeley (55%), and Promontory (47%).
Yellowstone is susceptible to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) races TPMK, QTHJ, TTTT, RCRS, and QFCS and susceptible to leaf rust (caused by P. triticina Eriks.) isolates CBMT, MCDS, MBDS, MHDS, MCRK, THBJ, and TNRJ. Yellowstone has shown an intermediate to high level of field resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.). It was highly resistant (infection type 2 on a 0–9 scale and 5% severity) at Mount Vernon and showed intermediate resistance (infection type 5 and 40% severity) at Pullman, WA, in 2004. Average stripe rust severity (0–100%) at Bozeman and Kalispell, MT, in 2005 and 2006 (n = 4) of Yellowstone was 3.8% compared with Promontory (4.0%), ‘Jagalene’ (PI 631376; 5.6%), Pryor (36.9%), CDC Falcon (44.7%), and ‘Paul’ (PI 640425; 77.7%). Yellowstone is susceptible to Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)] and wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton).
In the Montana Intrastate and Off-station winter wheat yield nurseries from 2003 to 2006 (n = 84), grain yield of Yellowstone (4354 kg ha–1) was significantly higher (LSD0.05 = 134 kg ha–1) than all other entries, including Pryor (4172 kg ha–1), Promontory (4018 kg ha–1), CDC Falcon (3931 kg ha–1), and Neeley (3924 kg ha–1). Grain volume weight of Yellowstone (767 kg m–3) was similar (LSD0.05 = 5 kg m–3) to that of Neeley (768 kg m–3) and Pryor (770 kg m–3) and lower than that of CDC Falcon (773 kg m–3) and Promontory (793 kg m–3). Grain protein content of Yellowstone (130 g kg–1) was higher (LSD0.05 = 2 g kg–1) than that of Promontory (127 g kg–1) and Pryor (126 g kg–1) and similar to CDC Falcon (128 g kg–1) and Neeley (131 g kg–1).
Milling and bread baking characteristics of Yellowstone were determined from composite grain samples harvested at multiple Montana locations over a 3-yr period (2003–2005, n = 12 location years). On the basis of single kernel characterization system (SKCS) analysis, endosperm hardness of Yellowstone is relatively high (SKCS kernel hardness index = 80.2; LSD0.05 = 3.0), similar to Pryor (77.9) and Promontory (77.6) and greater than that of Neeley (75.2) and CDC Falcon (70.7). Brabender Automat flour extraction of Yellowstone (678 g kg–1) was similar (LSD0.05 = 9 g kg–1) to that of Pryor (672 g kg–1) and Promontory (684 g kg–1) and greater than that of Neeley (661 g kg–1) and CDC Falcon (648 g kg–1). Flour ash of Yellowstone (3.9 g kg–1) was similar to that of Pryor (3.9 g kg–1) and CDC Falcon (4.0 g kg–1) and higher than that of Neeley and Promontory (both 3.7 g kg–1). Yellowstone has strong dough mixing characteristics, with high bake water absorption, long mixing time, and high loaf volume. Bake water absorption of Yellowstone (736 g kg–1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Neeley, Promontory, CDC Falcon, and Pryor (696–711 g kg–1). Bake mixing time of Yellowstone (11.8 min, n = 12) was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than those of Pryor, Promontory, Neeley, and CDC Falcon (4.5–7.6 min). Loaf volume of Yellowstone (1091 cm3) was similar (LSD0.05 = 39 cm3) to that of CDC Falcon (1054 cm3) and greater than that of Neeley (1025 cm3), Promontory (1047 cm3), and Pryor (1010 cm3).
Breeder seed of Yellowstone was developed in 2002 and 2003 using a headrow–line row purification scheme. In 2002 99 F4:9 headrows were evaluated for height, maturity, and phenotypic uniformity at Fort Ellis. Line rows (84) were grown in Bozeman in 2003 and further evaluated for uniformity. Fifty-six line rows with uniform appearance were selected and harvested in bulk by plot combine. Breeder seed (F4:11) was produced in 2004 at the Post farm in Bozeman. Plants rogued from the Breeder seed increase included variant plants taller in height, awnless, and red chaffed (16, 2, 67, respectively, in 1.56A, <0.1% total variants). Foundation seed was produced at Williston, ND, and Sidney and Moccasin, MT, in 2005. Yellowstone contains a taller, red-chaffed variant at a frequency of <1 per 10000 plants and a taller, white-chaffed variant at a frequency of <2 per 10000 plants.
The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station will maintain Breeder seed of Yellowstone. A research fee will be assessed on all Registered and Certified seed sales. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Yellowstone has been filed (PVP application no. 200600284). All seed requests should be sent to the corresponding author during the period of protection by the Plant Variety Protection Certificate. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after the expiration of the Plant Variety Protection for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. It is requested that appropriate recognition be made if this cultivar contributes to the development of new germplasm or cultivars.
Acknowledgments
Yellowstone was developed with financial support from the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
References
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