| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409
b Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140
c Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
d Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Hwy., Huntley, MT 59037
e Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Highway 2, Williston, ND 58801
f Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425
g Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90 Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
h Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270
i Dep. of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717
* Corresponding author (bruckner{at}montana.edu).
‘Bynum’ (Reg. No. CV-1013, PI 643429) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in September 2005. Bynum is a Clearfield wheat that is licensed for production with Beyond herbicide [active ingredient imazamox (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid); BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC]. Bynum was released on the basis of its tolerance to imazamox, its adaptation to dryland winter wheat production in Montana, and its stem solidness, which imparts tolerance to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton).
Bynum was derived from the cross ‘Rampart’ (PI 593889, Bruckner et al., 1997)/FS2//‘CDC Kestrel’ made in 1998. Rampart is a well-adapted, solid-stem cultivar released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1996. The wheat germplasm line FS2 (syn. FS4) was developed by the BASF Corporation (formerly American Cyanamid) using sodium azide–induced mutagenesis of ‘Fidel’ (Newhouse et al., 1992), and it contains a single gene at the als1 locus for acetolactate synthesis, which conveys tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. CDC Kestrel (Canadian Reg. No. 3468) is a winter-hardy cultivar developed by the Crop Development Centre in Saskatoon, SK. The three-way F1 population was grown in the greenhouse in 1998 and sprayed with imazamox herbicide (22.4 g a.i. ha–1) to remove susceptible segregants. F2 and F3 bulk populations were planted at Kalispell, MT, in 1999 and 2000, respectively, and sprayed with imazamox (105 g a.i. ha–1) to remove herbicide-susceptible segregants. Herbicide-tolerant, solid-stem F2 plants were selected and bulked to generate the F3 population, and 100 individual heads from herbicide-tolerant solid-stem F3 plants were selected from the population at harvest maturity. F3–derived F4 headrows were grown at Fort Ellis, MT, in 2001 and sprayed with imazamox (105 g a.i. ha–1). A herbicide-tolerant headrow, 98X73C30, was selected on the basis of cross-sectional stem examination to determine stem solidness and visual criteria for herbicide tolerance, uniformity, productivity, and acceptable agronomic type and was harvested in bulk. 98X73C30 was subsequently tested in sprayed (105 g a.i. ha–1) and nonsprayed plots of the 2002 Single Rep Clearfield Observation Nursery grown at Bozeman, Loma, and Conrad, MT. In 2003 98X73C30 was designated MTCL0318 and tested in the Preliminary Clearfield screening nursery at six sites (two sprayed, four nonsprayed). In 2004 and 2005 MTCL0318 was evaluated in the Clearfield qualification trial with three imazamox rates (0, 52.5, and 105 g a.i. ha–1) at four locations. MTCL0318 was also tested in the Montana Advanced nursery at six locations in 2004 and in the multilocation Montana Intrastate trial in 2005 and 2006. Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2003. MTCL0318 was named Bynum in 2006.
Bynum is an awned, red-chaffed, medium-maturity, solid-stem hard red Clearfield winter wheat similar in appearance and performance to the cultivar Rampart. Average heading date of Bynum (159.7 d from 1 January, n = 26) is earlier (LSD0.05 = 0.6 d) than that of ‘MT1159CL’ (PI 641221, Berg et al., 2006; 161.9 d) and later than that of ‘Above’ (Haley et al., 2003; 156.5 d). Bynum (96 cm, n = 28) is taller (LSD0.05 = 2 cm) than MT1159CL (89 cm) and Above (86 cm). Winter survival of Bynum (47%) is most similar to that of its parent Rampart (51%), lower than that of ‘Neeley’ (CItr 17860; 59%) and Above (54%), and higher than that of MT1159CL (29%).
On the basis of limited field observations under natural infection in Montana, Bynum is moderately resistant to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) and resistant to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.). Average stripe rust infection at Bozeman and Kalispell, MT, in 2005 and 2006 (n = 4) of Bynum was 8.8% compared with ‘Promontory’ (PI 555458; 4.0%), ‘Jagalene’ (PI 631376; 5.6%), ‘Pryor’ (PI 634564; 36.9%), ‘CDC Falcon’ (PI 619610; 44.7%), and ‘Paul’ (PI 640425; 77.7%). Based on seven Montana crop tolerance trials, tolerance of Bynum to imazamox is equivalent to that of Above and MT1159CL.
Bynum was compared with Clearfield check cultivars in 31 (14 imazamox sprayed, 17 unsprayed) trials in Montana in 2004 and 2005. In these trials, average grain yield of Bynum (4784 kg ha–1) was similar (LSD0.05 = 410 kg ha–1) to that of MT1159CL (4421 kg ha–1) and significantly higher than that of Above (4361 kg ha–1). Average grain volume weight for Bynum (790 kg m–3, n = 32) was higher (LSD0.05 = 12 kg m–3) than that of Above (770 kg m–3) and MT1159CL (759 kg m–3). Average grain protein of Bynum (139 g kg–1, n = 32) was higher (LSD0.05 = 3 g kg–1) than that of MT1159CL and Above (both 130 g kg–1). Relative to non-Clearfield cultivars (n = 37 unsprayed trials), grain yield of Bynum (3527 kg ha–1) was similar to that of Rampart (3588 kg ha–1) and lower (LSD0.05 = 222 kg ha–1) than that of Neeley (3890 kg ha–1).
Stem solidness was evaluated on the scale (5 = hollow to 25 = solid) described by Cook et al. (2004). Stem solidness of Bynum (18.7, n = 21) was lower than stem solidness of Rampart (20.5) but higher than hollow-stemmed Neeley (5.7). In nine environments with differential cutting by wheat stem sawfly, average stem cutting in Bynum (10.8%) was similar to that of solid-stem check Rampart (5.2%) and substantially lower than that of Neeley (36.1%).
Based on quality analyses of composite grain samples from 2003 and 2004 (n = 9), milling and baking characteristics of Bynum are similar to those of Rampart, with the exception that Brabender Automat flour extraction of Bynum (695 g kg–1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Rampart (672 g kg–1). Bynum and Rampart were similar for flour ash (3.7 and 3.8 g kg–1, respectively), mixograph tolerance (3.4 and 4.1, respectively), bake water absorption (721 and 727 g kg–1, respectively), bake mixing time (6.7 and 7.6 min, respectively), and loaf volume (1094 and 1114 cm3, respectively).
Breeder seed of Bynum was developed in 2004 and 2005. Seed purification of Bynum was initiated in 2004 when F3–derived F6 seed was used to plant a single isolated strip increase plot in Yuma, AZ. The strip increase plot was sprayed with imazamox (52.5 g a.i. ha–1) and harvested with a Wintersteiger combine (Salt Lake City, UT). No roguing or close observation of the seed increase strip was done in Yuma. Seed was cleaned and treated by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Foundation Seed program in Bozeman and planted on 2.5 acres at Kalispell, MT, in 2005 as Breeder seed (F3:8). The increase was rogued to remove visible phenotypic variants. Bynum contains a white-chaffed variant at a frequency of <10 per 10000 plants and a tall, dark-red chaffed variant at a frequency of <5 per 10000 plants.
The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station will maintain Breeder seed of Bynum. Bynum is protected under the Title V option of the Federal PVP act (PVP application no. 200600285) and is available only as a class of Certified seed. Bynum has been exclusively licensed to WestBred, LLC, Bozeman, MT, for sale of commercial seed stocks. The Clearfield trait possessed by Bynum that confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides has been patented by BASF. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after the expiration of the patent for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. Any use of Bynum for research purposes requires a Material Transfer Agreement or a Commercial License to the trait, as well as permission from the variety originator. Contact the corresponding author for all seed requests. The corresponding author will forward the request for seed to BASF Corporation.
Acknowledgments
Bynum was developed with financial support from Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, BASF, and the Montana Board of Research & Commercialization Technology.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 12, 2006.
References
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
