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a Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
b Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140
c Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Hwy., Huntley, MT 59037
d Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409
e Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90 Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
f Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270
g Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Hwy. 2, Williston, ND 58801
h Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425
i Dep. of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717
* Corresponding author (bruckner{at}montana.edu).
‘Norris’ (Reg. No. CV-1015, PI 643430) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in September 2005. Norris is a Clearfield wheat that is licensed for production with Beyond herbicide [active ingredient imazamox (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC]. Norris was released based on its tolerance to imazamox, its adaptation to winter wheat production systems in Montana, and improved yield potential relative to available Clearfield winter wheat cultivars.
Norris originated from the cross ‘BigSky’//TXGH12588-26*4/FS2 made in 1997. BigSky (PI 619166) is a well-adapted, high-quality hard red winter wheat released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2001 (Bruckner et al., 2003). BigSky was crossed to an imazamox-tolerant selection derived from a TX12588-26*4/FS2 segregating backcross F2 population developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and distributed by BASF. TXGH12588-26 is a sib selection of TAM 110 (PI 595757; Lazar et al., 1997). The wheat germplasm line FS2 (syn. FS4) was developed by the BASF Corporation (formerly American Cyanamid) using sodium azide–induced mutagenesis of ‘Fidel’ (Newhouse et al., 1992), and it contains a single gene at the als1 locus for acetolactate synthesis, which conveys tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides. The three-way F1 population was grown in the greenhouse in 1998 and sprayed with imazamox (22.4 g a.i. ha–1) to remove susceptible segregants. F2 and F3 bulk populations were planted at Kalispell, MT, in 1999 and 2000, respectively, and sprayed with imazamox (105 g a.i. ha–1) to remove herbicide-susceptible segregants. Herbicide-tolerant F2 plants were selected and bulked to generate the F3 population, and 100 individual heads from herbicide-tolerant F3 plants were selected from the population at harvest maturity. F3–derived F4 headrows were grown at Fort Ellis, MT, in 2001 and sprayed with imazamox (105 g a.i. ha–1). Herbicide-tolerant headrow 97X369C6 was selected on the basis of visual criteria for herbicide tolerance, uniformity, productivity, and acceptable agronomic type and was harvested in bulk. 97X369C6 was subsequently tested in sprayed (105 g a.i. ha–1) and nonsprayed plots of the 2002 Single Rep Clearfield Observation Nursery grown at Bozeman, Havre, and Moccasin, MT. In 2003 97X369C6 was designated MTCL0316 and tested in the MT Preliminary Clearfield screening nursery at six sites (two sprayed, four nonsprayed). In 2004 and 2005 MTCL0316 was evaluated in the Clearfield qualification trial with three imazamox rates (0, 52.5, and 105 g a.i. ha–1) at four locations. MTCL0316 was also tested in the Montana Advanced nursery at six locations in 2004 and in the multilocation Montana Intrastate trial in 2005 and 2006. Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2003. MTCL0316 was named Norris in 2006.
Norris is a medium-early maturing, red-chaffed, conventional height Clearfield hard red winter wheat. Average heading date of Norris (158.7 d from 1 January, n = 26) is earlier (LSD0.05 = 0.6 d) than that of ‘MT1159CL’ (PI 641221, Berg et al., 2006; 161.9 d) and later than that of ‘Above’ (Haley et al., 2003; 156.5 d). Norris (97 cm, n = 28) is taller (LSD0.05 = 2 cm) than MT1159CL (89 cm) and Above (86 cm). Winter survival of Norris (67%) was moderately high in four trials exhibiting differential survival, compared with ‘Neeley’ (CItr 17860; 59%), Above (54%), ‘Rampart’ (PI 593889; 51%), and MT1159CL (29%).
On the basis of limited field observations under natural infection in Montana, Norris is susceptible to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.), and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.). Based on seven Montana crop tolerance trials, tolerance of Norris to imazamox is equivalent to that of Above and MT1159CL.
Norris was compared with Clearfield check cultivars in 31 (14 imazamox sprayed, 17 unsprayed) trials in Montana in 2004 and 2005. In these trials, average grain yield of Norris (5160 kg ha–1) was significantly higher (LSD0.05 = 410 kg ha–1) than MT1159CL (4421 kg ha–1) and Above (4361 kg ha–1). Average grain volume weight for Norris (786 kg m–3, n = 32) was higher (LSD0.05 = 12 kg m–3) than that of Above (770 kg m–3) and MT1159CL (759 kg m–3). Average grain protein of Norris (128 g kg–1, n = 32) was similar to that of MT1159CL and Above (both 130 g kg–1). Relative to non-Clearfield cultivars (n = 37 unsprayed trials), grain yield of Norris (4038 kg ha–1) was similar to that of Neeley (3890 kg ha–1) and higher (LSD0.05 = 222 kg ha–1) than Rampart (3588 kg ha–1).
Based on quality analyses of composite grain samples from 2003 and 2004 (n = 9), milling and baking characteristics of Norris are similar to those of Neeley, with the exception that Brabender Automat flour extraction of Norris (676 g kg–1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of Neeley (659 g kg–1), and flour ash of Norris (3.6 g kg–1) was lower than that of Neeley (3.8 g kg–1). Norris and Neeley were similar for mixograph tolerance (4.9 and 5.0, respectively), bake water absorption (both 711 g kg–1), bake mixing time (7.7 and 7.4 min, respectively), and loaf volume (1061 and 1055 cm3, respectively).
Breeder seed of Norris was developed in 2004 and 2005. Seed purification of Norris was initiated in 2004 when F3–derived F6 seed was used to plant a single isolated strip increase plot in Yuma, AZ. The strip increase plot was sprayed with imazamox (52.5 g a.i. ha–1) and harvested with a Wintersteiger combine. No roguing or close observation of the seed increase strip was done in Yuma. Seed was cleaned and treated by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Foundation Seed program in Bozeman and planted on 2.5 acres at Kalispell, MT, in 2005 as Breeder seed (F3:8). The increase was rogued to remove visual phenotypic variants. Norris contains a white-chaffed variant at a frequency of <7 per 10000 plants and a tall, dark-red chaffed variant at a frequency of <2 per 10000 plants.
The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station will maintain Breeder seed of Norris. Norris is protected under the Title V option of the Federal PVP act (PVP application no. 200600286) and is available only as a class of Certified seed. Norris has been exclusively licensed to WestBred, LLC, Bozeman, MT, for sale of commercial seed stocks. The Clearfield trait possessed by Norris that confers tolerance to imidazolinone herbicides has been patented by BASF. Seed of this release is deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System, where it will be available after the expiration of the patent for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new cultivars. Any use of Norris for research purposes requires a Material Transfer Agreement or a Commercial License to the trait, as well as permission from the variety originator. Contact the corresponding author for all seed requests. The corresponding author will forward the request for seed to BASF Corporation.
Acknowledgments
Norris was developed with financial support from Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, BASF, and the Montana Board of Research & Commercialization Technology.
Footnotes
All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher.
Received for publication December 12, 2006.
References
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